“…For the first time Ti was discovered in the 1790s ( Chouirfa et al, 2019 ). Nowadays, due to its high specific strength, strong corrosion resistance, and excellent biocompatibility ( Jemat et al, 2015 ; Niinomi et al, 2016 ; Shi et al, 2017 ; Rabadia et al, 2018 , 2019 ; Ran et al, 2018 ; Hafeez et al, 2020 ; Wang L. et al, 2020 ), titanium and its alloys have been widely used in the biomedical field ( Wang et al, 2017 ), among which Ti-6Al-4V alloy applications account for more than 50% ( Hu et al, 2012 ; Ding et al, 2016 ; Zhang et al, 2017 ). Although their beneficial properties ( Matter and Burch, 1990 ), titanium and its alloys are considered as inert metals and cannot properly stimulate the proliferation of osteoblasts and bone cells ( Zhu et al, 2016 ; Xiao et al, 2017 ; Souza et al, 2019 ).…”