Laurus nobilis, Salvia sclarea and Salvia officinalis Essential Oils and Hydrolates: Evaluation of Liquid and Vapor Phase Chemical Composition and Biological Activities

Abstract

Laurus nobilis, Salvia officinalis and Salvia sclarea essential oils (EOs) and hydrolates (HYs) were investigated to define their chemical compositions and biological properties. Gas-chromatography/Mass-spectrometry (GC/MS) and Headspace-GC/MS (HS-GC/MS) techniques were used to characterize the liquid and vapor phase chemical composition of EOs and HYs. 1,8-Cineole (42.2%, 33.5%) and α-pinene (16.7%, 39.0%) were the main compounds of L. nobilis EO; 1,8-cineole (30.3%, 48.4%) and camphor (17.1%, 8.7%) were for S. officinalis EO; linalyl acetate (62.6%, 30.1%) and linalool (11.1%, 28.9%) were for S. sclarea EO for the liquid and vapor phase, respectively. Chemical profile of HYs was characterized by 1,8-cineole (65.1%, 61.4%) as a main constituent of L. nobilis and S. officinalis HYs, while linalool (89.5%) was the main constituent of S. sclarea HY. The antioxidant activity of EOs and HYs was carried out by DPPH and ABTS assays and antimicrobial properties were also investigated by microdilution and the disc diffusion method for liquid and vapor phase against five different bacterial strains such as Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 13525 and Acinetobacter bohemicus DSM 102855 among Gram-negative and Bacillus cereus ATCC 10876 and Kocuria marina DSM 16420 among Gram-positive. L. nobilis and S. officinalis EOs demonstrated considerable antibacterial activity, while S. sclarea EO proved to be less effective. Agar diffusion method and vapor phase test showed the EOs activity with the biggest halo inhibition diameters against A. bohemicus and B. cereus. A remarkably high antioxidant activity was determined for L. nobilis showing low EC50 values and also for S. sclarea; good EO results were obtained in both of the used assays. S. officinalis EC50 values were slightly higher to which corresponds to a lower antioxidant activity. Concerning the HYs, the EC50 values for L. nobilis, S. officinalis and S. sclarea were remarkably high corresponding to an extremely low antioxidant activity, as also obtained by expressing the values in Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC).

Biological activity and profiling of Salvia sclarea essential oil obtained by steam and hydrodistillation extraction methods via chemometrics tools

“…However, it is well known that S. sclarea EO is mainly obtained by SD on commercial scale. Vegetal waste material after processing of S. sclarea could be converted into “green” bioactive particles with high biomedical value, 66 as well as into hydrolate, which as by‐product during SD also has commercial value on the market 67,68 …”

“…Additionally, the results for antibacterial activities of S. sclarea EO showed that E. coli , Pseudomonas fluorescens , Kocuria marina and B. cereus are sensible bacterial strains 68 . Furthermore, S. sclarea caused a dose‐dependent inhibition of mycelial growth 17 .…”

Headspace/GC–MS Analysis and Investigation of Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activity of Essential Oils and Hydrolates from Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Lavandula angustifolia Miller

“…Their aroma can be more or less intense depending on their content of molecules that provide a potential biological effect, making the hydrolates useful for the food industry as preserving and/or aromatic agents [31]. In this study, for the first time, to better describe the vapor phase chemical profiles of Hys and EOs obtained from flowers and inflorescences of R. officinalis and inflorescences of L. angustifolia growing in Tuscany, we used the automated headspace sampler directly coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS/GC-MS) [32,33]. This sampling technique is conservative and non-destructive and does not require the use of solvent for the extraction process, thus avoiding a possible loss of components.…”

Essential oil composition of Salvia officinalis and Rosmarinus officinalis

“…Of the plant diversity of this group, Lamiaceae (also known as Mint family) possess 236 genera with anapproximately identified of 7000 species, constituting the largest plant groups of MAPs (Gharib, 2006;Ramasubramania, 2012). Regarding the well-known and reputed species of MAPs, sage (S. officinalis) and rosemary (R. officinalis) are commonly studied for their chemical composition due to their significant uses in various fields (for sage : Okaiyeto et al, 2021;Ovidi et al, 2021;Jedidi et al, 2021; for rosemary: Lešnik et al, 2021;Nguyen et al, 2021;Ielciu et al, 2021). Essentialoil of sage is mainly characterized with 1,8-cineole, camphor, α-thujone, β-thujone, borneol, viridiflorol, an dmanool (Raal et al, 2007;Taarit et al, 2010), whilst α-pinene, 1,8-cineol, (+)-camphor, and piperitone are of the reported compounds for rosemary (Gachkar et al, 2007;Hussain et al, 2010).…”