No abstract

This majority of deaths among children referred for pediatric intensive care with for severe sepsis occur within 24 hours. This has important implications for future clinical trials and quality improvement initiatives aimed at improving sepsis outcomes.

Hydrolates, also referred to as hydrosols, floral or distillate waters, as well as aromatic waters, are produced in the same isolation process with essential oils by steam distillation. A small amount of essential oil constituents is dissolved in hydrolates providing specific organoleptic properties and flavor, as well as biological activity which makes them useful as raw material in many industries. Their popularity is still on the rise, especially in aromatherapy. The objective in this review is to analyze the chemical compositions of hydrolates and their corresponding essential oils, as well as biological activity of hydrolates (antimicrobial, antioxidant and antiinflamatory) and potential uses, not only in food industry for flavoring, and preservation of fresh-cut fruits and vegetables, but also as functional (soft) drinks. However, hydrolates can be used in aromatherapy and cosmetics, as well as in organic agriculture and aquaculture.

Salvia sclarea L. or clary sage is cultivated worldwide in temperate and sub‐tropical climates, as an ornamental and essential oil (EO) bearing plant. EO is obtained from fresh spikes in full flowering stage and is recognized as an important commercial product for food, beverage and cosmetic industries. This study investigated the EO composition of S. sclarea grown in Serbia (Southeast Europe) obtained by two different methods, steam (SD) and hydrodistillation (HD). GC‐MS analysis identified oxygenated monoterpenes as the main class of compounds for all EOs (between 81.8% and 88.2% depending on the distillation process). The most abundant oxygenated monoterpenes were linalyl acetate and linalool. In addition, in vitro antimicrobial (modified resazurin microtitre‐plate assay) and antioxidant activities (DPPH· assay) and total polyphenol content of obtained EOs were also evaluated. According to the assay used for the evaluation of the antibacterial activity, Gram‐negative bacteria were more sensitive to S. sclarea EO in comparison to Gram‐positive bacteria. EOs exhibited low antioxidant capacity, below 3% neutralized DPPH· radicals, reaching up to approximately 400 µg AAE mL‐1. This study also investigated a possibility for predicting retention indices (RIs) of compounds isolated from EOs. In total, 78 experimentally obtained RIs were applied to construct the prediction model. The quantitative structure‐chromatographic retention relationship (QSRR) model was used to anticipate the experimentally obtained RIs. Five molecular descriptors were selected by factor analysis and genetic algorithm to predict RIs. The obtained accuracy of the QSRR model reached r2 = .912, which showed that these models might be applied for predicting retention indices.

These results indicate that the overlap in substrate specificities of CYP3A and P-gp appears to be fortuitous rather than indicative of a more fundamental relationship.

No abstract

Immunosuppressant therpay is associated with osteoporosis both clinically, post-transplantation, and experimentally. In rats, cyclosporin A (CsA) and FK506 induce a state of high turnover rapid bone loss. After 14 days of administration in immunosuppressive doses, the more recently discovered immunosuppressant, rapamycin, resulted in no change of cancellous bone volume. A longer study over 28 days has now been carried out; contrasting the new drug with CsA and FK506. Sixty, 10-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups of 12 rats each. The first group served as an aging control. The remaining four groups received, by daily gavage, a combined vehicle placebo, CsA 15 mg/kg, FK506 5 mg/kg, and rapamycin 2.5 mg/kg, respectively. CsA- and FK506-treated rats, but not those treated with rapamycin, demonstrated high turnover osteoporosis with raised serum 1,25(OH)2D (p < 0.05) and elevated serum osteocalcin (p < 0.05). The trabecular bone area was decreased by 66% (p < 0.01) in the CsA group and 56% (p < 0.05) in the FK506-treated group compared with the control animals. The CsA- and the rapamycin-treated groups failed to gain weight and developed severe hyperglycemia (> 20 mmol/l, p < 0.001) by day 14 but which largely resolved by day 28. Unlike the groups treated with CsA and FK506, rapamycin-treated rats had no loss of trabecular bone volume but there was increased modeling and remodeling and a decreased longitudinal growth rate. Rapamycin may thus confer a distinct advantage over the established immunosuppressants in not reducing bone volume in the short term.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

SGA showed higher sensitivity to predictor factors. Assessment of nutritional status requires a multidimensional approach, which includes different clinical indices and various nutritional parameters.