Latest trends, green aspects, and innovations in liquid-phase--based microextraction techniques: a review

Abstract

Liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) methods including single-drop microextraction (SDME), hollow-fiber LPME (HF-LPME), and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) have in the very short time since their invention grabbed the attention of scientists. Up to now, LPME methods have shown important innovations for the extraction and preconcentration of both inorganic and organic trace analytes from different matrices. These LPME methods offer unique advantages such as high preconcentration factor for target analytes in a single step, low cost, simplicity, excellent preconcentration capability, sample cleanup and integration of steps, and combined use with almost every analytical measurement technique. We describe the milestones and the combined use of different types of LPME methods as well as the green aspects and advantages and shortcomings of known LPME protocols. In addition, we discuss the main results and innovations of different types of LPME published in the period 2010-2016 and we compare the performance of these techniques to that of other recent techniques.

Determination of copper(II) by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after its perconcentration by a highly selective and environmentally friendly dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction technique

“…The advantages of the DLLME method are the simplicity of the operation, a short extraction time, a low volume of the organic solvent, a high enhancement factor, low-cost apparatus, and a green method because of the minimizing of consumption of harmful solvents (Özzeybek et al 2017;Khalilian and Rezaee 2016;Jalbani and Soylak 2015;Reclo et al 2017;Bahadir et al 2018;Pouyan et al 2016). The most significant advantage of these methods is that almost all of the total volume of the extraction phase can be introduced into the detection system, while only a limited volume of the extraction solvent is introduced in the conventional preconcentration and extraction methods (Yilmaz and Soylak 2016).…”

Application of Switchable Hydrophobicity Solvents for Extraction of Emerging Contaminants in Wastewater Samples

“…The analytical community efforts were focused in fast, inexpensive, and reduced solvent-usage alternatives in a miniaturized format [11]. These groups of innovations for more efficient and reduced environmental-impact solvents ultimately led to the dawn of green chemistry and green analytical chemistry [12][13][14]. As a result of this effort came the concept of a solvent in which it is possible to trigger a drastic change in the properties of a solvent; subsequently, the same could be used for several consecutive process steps [15] reducing the overall waste and consumption.…”

An in situ electrochemical fabrication of layer by layer graphenized graphite polyaniline as a stable solid‐phase microextraction fiber coating for trace environmental analysis

“…Sample preparation methods have been improved to more efficient, economical and miniaturized techniques in recent years. As a result, SPME and liquidliquid microextraction have been developed [2,3]. SPME is a simple, fast, sensitive, solventless, easy automation, and Article Related Abbreviations: GG, graphenized graphite; GG/PANI, graphenized graphite/polyaniline; PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; PANI, polyaniline cost-effective sample preparation technique which combines sample clean-up, extraction, pre-concentration and sample introduction into one step [4].…”