Latest Insights on Novel Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) for Sustainable Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Natural Sources

Abstract

Phenolic compounds have long been of great importance in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. Unfortunately, conventional extraction procedures have a high cost and are time consuming, and the solvents used can represent a safety risk for operators, consumers, and the environment. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are green alternatives for extraction processes, given their low or non-toxicity, biodegradability, and reusability. This review discusses the latest research (in the last two years) employing DESs for phenolic extraction, solvent components, extraction yields, extraction method characteristics, and reviewing the phenolic sources (natural products, by-products, wastes, etc.). This work also analyzes and discusses the most relevant DES-based studies for phenolic extraction from natural sources, their extraction strategies using DESs, their molecular mechanisms, and potential applications.

Bioactive compounds from hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seeds: optimization of phenolic antioxidant extraction using simplex lattice mixture design and HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS2 analysis

“…In general, solvents with low density and viscosity have a good extraction power because their diffusivity is high, and the movement of solvent and solute molecules is important, thus improving the extraction efficiency. 31 Combining organic solvents with water positively affects phenolic compounds extraction as it decreases the density and viscosity values of the solvent system, thereby increasing its diffusivity and facilitating the extraction process.…”

Hesperidin: A Review on Extraction Methods, Stability and Biological Activities

“…Recently, room temperature ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were introduced as a new kind of alternative solvents for extraction and/or purification of bioactive compounds [37][38][39][40]. ILs are organic salts consisting entirely of ions, relatively bulky organic cations (imidazolium, pyridinium) with different tailorable characteristics, and small inorganic anions (Cl − , Br − , BF 4 − , PF 6 − ).…”

Ultrasound‐assisted extraction optimization of polyphenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant compounds from fruit of Melia azedarach using a glycerol‐based green deep eutectic solvent

“…Moreover, ultrasound induction has been found to drastically enhance the extraction power of the DESs (Kaltsa et al, 2020). These considerations are valuable in deciding the technique as well as the solvent for efficient extraction of desired natural products from plants for industrial applications (Lomba et al, 2021; Serna‐Vázquez et al, 2021).…”

“…Moreover, ultrasound induction has been found to drastically enhance the extraction power of the DESs (Kaltsa et al, 2020) plants for industrial applications (Lomba et al, 2021;Serna-Vázquez et al, 2021).…”