Latent comorbid depression and anxiety symptoms across sex and race/ethnic subgroupings in a national epidemiologic study

Sex Differences in Depression and Anxiety Symptoms: Measurement Invariance, Prevalence, and Symptom Heterogeneity Among University Students in South Africa

“…We found different latent class profiles for men (three classes) and women (four classes) with differing patterns. The finding of gender-related subtypes of depression is consistent with findings from previous studies (e.g., Kuehner, 2017 ; Rudenstine and Espinosa, 2018 ). Except for the two latent classes of high depression and low depression, which were similar in both groups, two main features distinguished men from women.…”

“…The finding of different depression symptom configurations for men and women is a literature-consistent demonstration of the role of gender and sex in the patterns of symptom distribution. When examining depression and anxiety symptoms together in a large population-representative sample in the United States, Rudenstine and Espinosa (2018) found a seven-class model for the males and an eleven-class model for the females.…”

Are subtypes of affective symptoms differentially associated with change in cognition over time: A latent class analysis

“…The five classes reflect both the distinct nature of depression and anxiety symptoms, and at the same time the degree of heterogeneity within, and comorbidity between, depression and anxiety. These subgroups generally replicate previous findings that measured both depression and anxiety symptoms (Rudenstine and Espinosa, 2018;Unick et al, 2009) except for the identification of a "Sleep" subgroup in the present study. It may be that sleep issues in the absence of other affective symptoms is more common in adults over the age of 50, and older adults typically report more sleep difficulties (Foley et al, 2004).…”

“…This is crucial as understanding the potential constellations of co-occurring affective symptoms across both anxiety and depression, especially considering the high degree of co-variance between anxiety and depression symptoms in older adults (Schoevers et al, 2005) might help better explain the nature of the relationship between affective symptoms and cognitive decline (with the additional benefit of identifying subgroups who may be particularly at-risk of cognitive decline). Clustering approaches such as Latent Class Analysis (LCA) have been used to identify subgroups of depression and anxiety symptoms (Rudenstine and Espinosa, 2018;Unick et al, 2009) in the general population, but not exclusively in older adults, or in order to compare subgroups on cognitive decline.…”

Examining the Experience of Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and the Mental Health Outcomes of Students of Color

“…When studying mental illness in adolescents and college students, there is limited research on mental illness' impact on students of color (SOC). With depression and anxiety being two of the most common mental illnesses in the world (Rudenstine and Espinosa, 2018), people of color (POC) tend to experience more chronic, persistent, and debilitating symptoms compared to their non-Hispanic White counterparts (Alang, 2019). Racial and ethnic minority individuals have many adverse experiences in their lives, due to the racism engrained into the institutions of the United States and frequent acts of discrimination.…”