Late Ancient and Medieval Population

Russell, Josiah C.

doi:10.2307/1005708

Cited by 263 publications

(44 citation statements)

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“…Using medieval demographic data from Russell (1948), Jackes (2000) showed that the average age at death of males over age 15 years is around 47 years during the plague, and about 54 years in the periods before and after the plague years. Jackes (2000) further stated that estimates of a 10% survival beyond age 60 would actually be conservative, highlighting the demographic data of Russell (1985) that noted a number of individuals who were expected to have lived beyond 60 across Europe and North Africa in the first 1500 years AD, and the work of Sjovold (1978), who noted a significant number of deaths between ages 70 -80 in an Austrian village in the 250 years prior to 1852. Mays (1998a) estimated age at death in the Wharram Percy medieval skeletal sample.…”

Section: Patterns Of Fragilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Medieval trabecular bone architecture: The influence of age, sex, and lifestyle

Agarwal

Dumitriu

Tomlinson

et al. 2003

American J Phys Anthropol

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Osteoporosis has become a growing health concern in developed countries and an extensive area of research in skeletal biology. Despite numerous paleopathological studies of bone mass, few studies have measured bone quality in past populations. In order to examine age- and sex-related changes in one aspect of bone quality in the past, a study was made of trabecular bone architecture in a British medieval skeletal sample. X-ray images of 5-mm-thick coronal lumbar vertebral bone sections were taken from a total of 54 adult individuals divided into three age categories (18-29, 30-49, and 50+ years), and examined using image analysis to evaluate parameters related to trabecular bone structure and connectivity. Significant age-related changes in trabecular bone structure (trabecular bone volume (BV/TV), trabecular number (Tb.N), trabecular separation (Tb.Sp), and anisotropic ratio (Tb.An)) were observed to occur primarily by middle age with significant differences between the youngest and two older age groups. Neither sex showed continuing change in trabecular structure between the middle and old age groups. Age-related changes in bone connectivity (number of nodes (N.Nd) and node-to-node strut length (Nd.Nd)) similarly indicated a change in bone connectivity only between the youngest and two older age groups. However, females showed no statistical differences among the age groups in bone connectivity. These patterns of trabecular bone loss and fragility contrast with those generally found in modern populations that typically report continuing loss of bone structure and connectivity between middle and old age, and suggest greater loss in females. The patterns of bone loss in the archaeological samples must be interpreted cautiously. We speculate that while nutritional factors may have initiated some bone loss in both sexes, physical activity could have conserved bone architecture in old age in both sexes, and reproductive factors such as high parity and extended periods of lactation could have played a key role in female bone maintenance in this historic population. The study of qualitative elements (such as trabecular architecture) is vital if we are to understand bone maintenance and fragility in the past.

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Section: Patterns Of Fragilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Medieval trabecular bone architecture: The influence of age, sex, and lifestyle

Agarwal

Dumitriu

Tomlinson

et al. 2003

American J Phys Anthropol

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“…16,17 It has been estimated that in the Late Roman Period, the size of the Anatolian population reached 12 million individuals. 18 In the mid of the 6th century AD the late Roman civilisation and Empire, to which Anatolia belonged, became part of the Byzantine culture and Empire, Greek in language and ideology, but Christian in religion (6th-15th century AD). Under Byzantine rule the intermittent Arabic invasions took place, before the Seljuk Turks conquered Anatolia in the late 11th century AD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitochondrial analysis of a Byzantine population reveals the differential impact of multiple historical events in South Anatolia

Ottoni¹,

Ricaut²,

Vanderheyden³

et al. 2011

Eur J Hum Genet

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The archaeological site of Sagalassos is located in Southwest Turkey, in the western part of the Taurus mountain range. Human occupation of its territory is attested from the late 12th millennium BP up to the 13th century AD. By analysing the mtDNA variation in 85 skeletons from Sagalassos dated to the 11th–13th century AD, this study attempts to reconstruct the genetic signature potentially left in this region of Anatolia by the many civilizations, which succeeded one another over the centuries until the mid-Byzantine period (13th century BC). Authentic ancient DNA data were determined from the control region and some SNPs in the coding region of the mtDNA in 53 individuals. Comparative analyses with up to 157 modern populations allowed us to reconstruct the origin of the mid-Byzantine people still dwelling in dispersed hamlets in Sagalassos, and to detect the maternal contribution of their potential ancestors. By integrating the genetic data with historical and archaeological information, we were able to attest in Sagalassos a significant maternal genetic signature of Balkan/Greek populations, as well as ancient Persians and populations from the Italian peninsula. Some contribution from the Levant has been also detected, whereas no contribution from Central Asian population could be ascertained

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“…Feudal relations emerged, and, in lieu of peasants, landowners offered vagabonds or even slaves for military service. By 400 A.D., most of Gaul and Italy was owned by fewer than a dozen senatorial families who had the power to defy the government's tax demands (Boak 1955, Russell 1958, Jones 1964, MacMullen 1976, McNeill 1976, Wickham 1984, Williams 1985.…”

Section: Resource Transitionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resource Transitions and Energy Gain: Contexts of Organization

Tainter¹,

Allen²,

Little³

et al. 2003

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ABSTRACT. Energy gain constrains resource use, social organization, and landscape organization in human and other living systems. Changes in energy gain have common characteristics across living systems. We describe these commonalities in selected case studies involving imperial taxation, fungus-farming ants, and North American beaver, and propose a suite of hypotheses for the organization of systems that subsist on different levels of energy gain. Organizational constraints arising from energy gain predict changes to settlement and organization in postcarbon societies.

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Late Ancient and Medieval Population

Cited by 263 publications

References 0 publications

Medieval trabecular bone architecture: The influence of age, sex, and lifestyle

Medieval trabecular bone architecture: The influence of age, sex, and lifestyle

Mitochondrial analysis of a Byzantine population reveals the differential impact of multiple historical events in South Anatolia

Resource Transitions and Energy Gain: Contexts of Organization

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