Laser-Scribed Graphene Electrodes Derived from Lignin for Biochemical Sensing

Notwithstanding its relatively recent discovery, graphene has gone through many evolution steps and inspired a multitude of applications in many fields, from electronics to life science. The recent advancements in graphene production and patterning, and the inclusion of two-dimensional (2D) graphenic materials in three-dimensional (3D) superstructures, further extended the number of potential applications. In this Review, we focus on laser-induced graphene (LIG), an intriguing 3D porous graphenic material produced by direct laser scribing of carbonaceous precursors, and on its applications in chemical sensors and biosensors. LIG can be shaped in different 3D forms with a high surface-to-volume ratio, which is a valuable characteristic for sensors that typically rely on phenomena occurring at surfaces and interfaces. Herein, an overview of LIG, including synthesis from various precursors, structure, and characteristic properties, is first provided. The discussion focuses especially on transport and surface properties, and on how these can be controlled by tuning the laser processing. Progresses and trends in LIG-based chemical sensors are then reviewed, discussing the various transduction mechanisms and different LIG functionalization procedures for chemical sensing. A comparative evaluation of sensors performance is then provided. Finally, sensors for glucose detection are reviewed in more detail, since they represent the vast majority of LIG-based chemical sensors.

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Section: Glucose Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-Dimensional (3D) Laser-Induced Graphene: Structure, Properties, and Application to Chemical Sensing

Vivaldi

Dallinger

Bonini

et al. 2021

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

159

102

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“…The selectivity was increased by electrodepositing Pt nanoparticles, which increased the sensitivity and detection range of glucose molecules from sweat. Lei et al [147] showed another interesting work related to the use of chemically-based LIG sensors for the detection of glucose molecules. The sensors were developed through the doping of the nitrogen element that was obtained from a lignin-based precursor.…”

Section: Functionalization Using Other Nanomaterialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Detection of Glucose Molecules Using Laser-Induced Graphene Sensors: A Review

Gao

Nag

2021

Sensors

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This paper deals with recent progress in the use of laser-induced graphene sensors for the electrochemical detection of glucose molecules. The exponential increase in the exploitation of the laser induction technique to generate porous graphene from polymeric and other naturally occurring materials has provided a podium for researchers to fabricate flexible sensors with high dynamicity. These sensors have been employed largely for electrochemical applications due to their distinct advantages like high customization in their structural dimensions, enhanced characteristics and easy roll-to-roll production. These laser-induced graphene (LIG)-based sensors have been employed for a wide range of sensorial applications, including detection of ions at varying concentrations. Among the many pivotal electrochemical uses in the biomedical sector, the use of these prototypes to monitor the concentration of glucose molecules is constantly increasing due to the essentiality of the presence of these molecules at specific concentrations in the human body. This paper shows a categorical classification of the various uses of these sensors based on the type of materials involved in the fabrication of sensors. The first category constitutes examples where the electrodes have been functionalized with various forms of copper and other types of metallic nanomaterials. The second category includes other miscellaneous forms where the use of both pure and composite forms of LIG-based sensors has been shown. Finally, the paper concludes with some of the possible measures that can be taken to enhance the use of this technique to generate optimized sensing prototypes for a wider range of applications.

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“…Carbon-based nanomaterials such as graphene, fullerene, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have played an important role in various applications owing to their specific properties 5 . The design of these carbon nanomaterials has a direct impact on their electron transfer rate and therefore affects their analytical efficiency 6 in areas such as electrochemical sensing 7 . Interestingly, graphene has received much attention in electrochemical research.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A novel graphene product called laser-induced graphene fibre (LIGF) was also obtained by monitoring the amount of radiation energy entering the polyimide film, where the quality of graphitization was evaluated by using a LIGF-formed microsupercapacitor 9 . In addition, several studies have revealed the efficacy of LSG in transporting electrons in biochemical reactions, thus serving as a perfect interface platform for biomolecules [5][6][7]10 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser-scribed graphene nanofiber decorated with oil palm lignin capped silver nanoparticles: a green biosensor

Tai

Perumal

Gopinath

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), requires a high level of attention and is one of the most infectious diseases in the air. Present methods of diagnosing TB remain ineffective owing to their low sensitivity and time consumption. In this study, we produced a green graphene nanofiber laser biosensor (LSG-NF) decorated with oil palm lignin-based synthetic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The resulting composite morphology was observed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, which revealed the effective adaptation of the AgNPs to the LSG-NF surface. The successful attachment of AgNPs and LSG-NFs was also evident from X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy studies. In order to verify the sensing efficiency, a selective DNA sample captured on AgNPs was investigated for specific binding with M.tb target DNA through selective hybridisation and mismatch analysis. Electrochemical impedance studies further confirmed sensitive detection of up to 1 fM, where a detection limit of 10−15 M was obtained by estimating the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N = 3:1) as 3σ. Successful DNA immobilisation and hybridisation was confirmed by the detection of phosphorus and nitrogen peaks based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The stability and repeatability of the analysis were high. This approach provides an affordable potential sensing system for the determination of M. tuberculosis biomarker and thus provides a new direction in medical diagnosis.

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Laser-Scribed Graphene Electrodes Derived from Lignin for Biochemical Sensing

Cited by 81 publications

References 42 publications

Three-Dimensional (3D) Laser-Induced Graphene: Structure, Properties, and Application to Chemical Sensing

Three-Dimensional (3D) Laser-Induced Graphene: Structure, Properties, and Application to Chemical Sensing

Electrochemical Detection of Glucose Molecules Using Laser-Induced Graphene Sensors: A Review

Laser-scribed graphene nanofiber decorated with oil palm lignin capped silver nanoparticles: a green biosensor

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