Electrochemical Detection of Glucose Molecules Using Laser-Induced Graphene Sensors: A Review

Abstract

This paper deals with recent progress in the use of laser-induced graphene sensors for the electrochemical detection of glucose molecules. The exponential increase in the exploitation of the laser induction technique to generate porous graphene from polymeric and other naturally occurring materials has provided a podium for researchers to fabricate flexible sensors with high dynamicity. These sensors have been employed largely for electrochemical applications due to their distinct advantages like high customization in their structural dimensions, enhanced characteristics and easy roll-to-roll production. These laser-induced graphene (LIG)-based sensors have been employed for a wide range of sensorial applications, including detection of ions at varying concentrations. Among the many pivotal electrochemical uses in the biomedical sector, the use of these prototypes to monitor the concentration of glucose molecules is constantly increasing due to the essentiality of the presence of these molecules at specific concentrations in the human body. This paper shows a categorical classification of the various uses of these sensors based on the type of materials involved in the fabrication of sensors. The first category constitutes examples where the electrodes have been functionalized with various forms of copper and other types of metallic nanomaterials. The second category includes other miscellaneous forms where the use of both pure and composite forms of LIG-based sensors has been shown. Finally, the paper concludes with some of the possible measures that can be taken to enhance the use of this technique to generate optimized sensing prototypes for a wider range of applications.

Laser‐induced Graphene in Facts, Numbers, and Notes in View of Electroanalytical Applications: A Review

“…Since then, more than a hundred research publications and several review papers have been devoted to the electroanalytical application of LIG electrodes [14][15][16][17]. The current review is also devoted to analyzing works on the role of LIG electrodes in electroanalysis.…”

Cost Effective Synthesis of Graphene Nanomaterials for Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Sensors for Glucose: A Comprehensive Review

“…Laser induced graphene from polymers (or known LIG) seems to thrive as a process since its discovery in 2014 [ 72 ]; while it seems to be explored for the development of glucose electrode sensors in the last few years [ 76 ]. More specifically, graphene can be selectively formed through a carbonization process induced by the laser irradiation [ 77 ], while the N and O-groups of the polymeric substrate are decomposed and when the produced gas is also used, a 3D porous structure is obtained.…”

“…In literature [ 76 ] covalent functionalization of graphene has extensively been investigated and has been related to electrons sunder in applications, such as in the electrochemical sensors, where the quick transport of electrons is important. However, such phenomena are not observed with polymer-based graphene nanoelectrodes.…”

Electrochemical Response of Glucose Oxidase Adsorbed on Laser-Induced Graphene

“…LIG presents a high specific surface area, it is rapidly and cost-effectively produced with the desired pattern on a flexible substrate, attracting a great deal of attention in many fields [ 10 , 11 ]. Particularly, LIG appears as a candidate for the development of low-cost and flexible electrochemical biosensors [ 12 , 13 ]. For example, LIG decorated with copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) was investigated for glucose detection by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and amperometric measurements [ 14 , 15 ].…”