Laser Ablation Deposition of Ga2S3-La2S3 Glass Films

Abstract

Gallium -lanthanum sulphide glasses (GLS) show wide range transparency and low non radiative relaxation rates for dopant ions such as Ho", EI' etc. They also show permanent photomodification of the refractive index under visible illumination. We report laser ablation deposition of these glasses and preliminary results on film stoichiometry and deposition rate as a function of excimer laser fluence. The sulphur to metal and G&a ratios are found to have marked fluence dependencies. The films show considerably more Urbach tail absorption than bulk material. A novel method has been developed for mapping the permanent photomodifled index. INTRODUCTJONGallium-lanthanum sulphide (Ga&La$,) ('GLS') glasses [l] have a range of novel optoelectronic applications. The material is transparent from -0.65um to -lOurn, covering the important near infrared telecommunications and mid infrared 'fingerprint' spectral regions. The lanthanum content ensures very high solubility for other rare earth dopant ions such as Er3',Ho",Pr3',Nd" [2] etc which can be used as active laser or optical amplifier species. The low phonon energy of GLS glass gives rise to low non radiative relaxation rates, which opens the possibility of operating lasers in this host material in the mid infrared. Laser action to wavelengths approaching 5um may be feasible in high quality films. An unusual property of the material is that the refractive index can be substantially and permanently modified by exposure to illumination above the band gap, typically at 0.5145pm wavelength or shorter [3,4]. FILM DEPOSITION Target fabricationThe use of these large targets ensures consistency of target material over mAblation targets are manufactured as gallium lanthanum sulphide glass disks of typically 40mm diameter by 1Omm thick. any ablation experiments and freedom from target thermal damage and cracking. Gallium sulphide (70% molar) and lanthanum sulphide (30% molar) are weighed out under dry nitrogen into a vitreous carbon crucible pre placed in a silica ampoule. Particular care is taken with the source of the sulphide (Merck) to minimise contamination with oxysulphides. The silica ampoule is evacuated and heated to 1200C for two hours and then water quenched. The glass disc is clear orange/yellow, with some superficial bubbles where gas adhered to the crucible/glass interface.The discs release easily from the crucible and there is no evidence of attack. The targets are visually homogeneous and show visible and IR spectra typical of GLS glass. Energy dispersive X ray analysis shows the targets to be homogeneous and stoichiometric to within experimental error. The disc is ground down to a flat surface, cleaned, and mounted in a cup designed to provide a surface to radiate the absorbed power load and minimise conduction to the in-vacuum stepper motor drive.

A structural study of gallium lanthanum sulphide glass bulk and thin films by x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy

“…Glasses based on gallium lanthanum sulphide (GLS) have received increasing attention due to their wide range of novel opto-electronic applications [1][2][3][4][5]. The glasses are stable, hard, and non-hygroscopic, and the high lanthanum content is readily partially substituted for with other lanthanide dopants.…”

High-sensitivity mapping of refractive index across a surface using a dual-beam differential reflectance technique

“…With any waveguide device accurate knowledge of the optical characteristics (such as the refractive index profile, mode profile, cut-off wavelength and propagation losses) is necessary for device design and specification. We routinely produce thin films of the chalcogenide material gallium lanthanum sulphide (GLS) by pulsed laser ablation (PLA) on a variety of substrate materials [6]. It is necessary to characterize, amongst other parameters, the refractive index of the material and its ability to photomodify as a function of deposition conditions.…”