Las bodegas cooperativas y la comercialización del vino en España durante el siglo XX

Abstract

Las bodegas cooperativas surgieron con un doble objetivo: la elaboración en común del vino, para reducir los costes de producción y aumentar la calidad del producto; y la venta en común del vino, con una reducción de los intermediarios y una mejora de la posición de los viticultores en el proceso de comercialización. Ambos objetivos tenían que suponer una mayor remuneración del producto y, en consecuencia, del ingreso de los productores, que en el sector vitivinícola eran fundamentalmente pequeños agricultores familiares, enfrentados a un contexto de caída tendencial de los precios del vino. En este artículo realizamos una primera aproximación al papel de las bodegas cooperativas en la comercialización del vino en España durante el siglo XX, destacando especialmente sus dificultades para adaptarse a los cambios en las pautas de consumo a partir de los años 70.

Social Economy, Environmental Proactivity, Eco-Innovation and Performance in the Spanish Wine Sector

“…The third consists of just two cooperatives whose main characteristic is that they collaborate with strongly environmentally focused external groups. This identification of groups is coherent then with the literature indicating that two types of cooperatives coexist [39]: large, dynamic and adaptive businesses and small cooperatives, which are more traditional, less flexible and highly atomized, with many of them having great difficulties in investment, innovation and adaptation to market changes [70,98]. Table 11 shows the results of the cluster analysis.…”

“…It would were desirable to find a good fit between the intention, the formulation and the design of environmental strategies with the organizational demands for their implantation. These identified organizational weaknesses are coherent with the trait evidenced in the literature [98] concerning the low professionalization of management boards, which could be more intense in smaller size cooperatives.…”

“…After this period and more intensely during the 1950s and 1960s, the sector grew widely in Castilla-La Mancha, Aragón, Murcia and Extremadura, where the presence of large non-cooperative wineries was scarce. In contrast, the cooperative model was less widespread in Jerez (Andalusia), el Penedés (Catalonia) or La Rioja, where large capitalist firms were already established [98].…”

“…This was especially important for small wine cooperatives, which were forced to work with very narrow margins, making them extremely dependent on external financing. This complicated investment and innovation and adaptation to changes in the market [98].…”

Inequality and conflict as drivers of cooperation: the location of wine cooperatives in pre-1936 Spain

“…4 of this article. The reasons for the post-1945 growth have been analysed by Román (2011), Medina-Albadalejo (2016, Planas and Medina-Albadalejo (2017), Medina-Albadalejo and Planas (2020), and Fernández and Simpson (2017), who convincingly maintain that it was the result of governments wanting to use cooperatives to regulate the wine sector and offering them subsidies and low-interest loans-something that, on a smaller scale, was already being carried out in France in the 1930s. My aim here is to analyse the reasons underlying the unequal distribution throughout Spain of the 125 cooperative wineries built before 1936, because 86 of them were in Catalonia-61 in the province of Tarragona (Fig.…”