Laryngeal Hyperfunction During Whispering: Reality or Myth?

Rubin, Adam D.; Praneetvatakul, Veeraphol; Gherson, Shirley; Moyer, Cheryl A.; Sataloff, Robert T.

doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2004.10.007

Cited by 43 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…Several definitions of laryngeal hyperfunction exist, but a recurrent feature in almost all descriptions includes excessive laryngeal musculoskeletal activity, force, or tension [27,28]. The basic paradigm that evaluates laryngeal hyperfunction is to look for compression of the supraglottic structures during phonation [29]. This supraglottic activity may be separated into two components: (1) A-P supraglottic activity and (2) medial supraglottic activity [30,31,32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laryngoscopic, Acoustic, Perceptual, and Functional Assessment of Voice in Rock Singers

Guzmán¹,

Barros²,

Espinoza³

et al. 2013

Folia Phoniatr Logop

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Objective: The present study aimed to vocally assess a group of rock singers who use growl voice and reinforced falsetto. Method: A group of 21 rock singers and a control group of 18 pop singers were included. Singing and speaking voice was assessed through acoustic, perceptual, functional and laryngoscopic analysis. Results: No significant differences were observed between groups in most of the analyses. Acoustic and perceptual analysis of the experimental group demonstrated normality of speaking voice. Endoscopic evaluation showed that most rock singers presented during singing voice a high vertical laryngeal position, pharyngeal compression and laryngeal supraglottic compression. Supraglottic activity during speaking voice tasks was also observed. However, overall vocal fold integrity was demonstrated in most of the participants. Slightly abnormal observations were demonstrated in few of them. Singing voice handicap index revealed that the most affected variable was the physical sphere, followed by the social and emotional spheres. Conclusions: Although growl voice and reinforced falsetto represent laryngeal and pharyngeal hyperfunctional activity, they did not seem to contribute to the presence of any major vocal fold disorder in our subjects. Nevertheless, we cannot rule out the possibility that more evident vocal fold disorders could be found in singers who use these techniques more often and during a longer period of time.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laryngoscopic, Acoustic, Perceptual, and Functional Assessment of Voice in Rock Singers

Guzmán¹,

Barros²,

Espinoza³

et al. 2013

Folia Phoniatr Logop

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“…The boundary condition at the mouth-side opening of the vocal tract exit was given as pressure P (= 0). The air density ρ and viscosity μ were 1. reported that the expiratory volume flow rate of weak and strong whispered voices are double and triple that of the ordinary voice, respectively [23]. Therefore, the volume flow rates of whispered voices were determined to be 500 and 333 [ml/s] respectively for SW and WW.…”

Section: Numerical Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Expiratory volume flow rates for the three whispered voice production types were determined according to previous research [20], [21], [23]. Netsell et al reported that the expiratory volume flow rate of an ordinary voice production is between 100 and 200 [ml/s] [21].…”

Section: Numerical Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Netsell et al reported that the expiratory volume flow rate of an ordinary voice production is between 100 and 200 [ml/s] [21]. Rubin et al reported that the expiratory volume flow rate of weak and strong whispered voices are double and triple that of the ordinary voice, respectively [23]. Therefore, the volume flow rates of whispered voices were determined to be 500 and 333 [ml/s] respectively for SW and WW.…”

Section: Numerical Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Numerical Simulation of Air Flow through Glottis during Very Weak Whisper Sound Production

Otani

Hirahara

2011

IEICE Trans. Fundamentals

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Makoto OTANI†a) and Tatsuya HIRAHARA † †b) , Members SUMMARY A non-audible murmur (NAM), a very weak whisper sound produced without vocal fold vibration, has been researched in the development of a silent-speech communication tool for functional speech disorders as well as human-to-human/machine interfaces with inaudible voice input. The NAM can be detected using a specially designed microphone, called a NAM microphone, attached to the neck. However, the detected NAM signal has a low signal-to-noise ratio and severely suppressed highfrequency component. To improve NAM clarity, the mechanism of a NAM production must be clarified. In this work, an air flow through a glottis in the vocal tract was numerically simulated using computational fluid dynamics and vocal tract shape models that are obtained by a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan for whispered voice production with various strengths, i.e. strong, weak, and very weak. For a very weak whispering during the MRI scan, subjects were trained, just before the scanning, to produce the very weak whispered voice, or the NAM. The numerical results show that a weak vorticity flow occurs in the supraglottal region even during a very weak whisper production; such vorticity flow provide aeroacoustic sources for a very weak whispering, i.e. NAM, as in an ordinary whispering. key words: non-audible murmur, whispered voice, whispered voice production mechanism, computational fluid dynamics, air flow through glottis IntroductionA non-audible murmur (NAM) is a very weak vocal-tract resonance sound produced without a vocal fold vibration. The weak sound propagates through the body and it can be detected by using a sensor attached to the neck behind the ear, resulting in a NAM signal typically represented by voltage value. The NAM is inaudible, but, after applying appropriate signal amplification and processing to the detected NAM signal, it can be presented to a listener as an audible speech through an electroacoustic transducer, or to a speech recognition system, thus enabling silent-speech interfaces [1]- [3].The speech sound we typically use is an air-borne sound, which is a small and fast vibration of the air. The vibration of the air column in the vocal-tract vibrates the wall of the vocal tract, and some sound energies pass through the tissues of the neck or chest. This body-conducted sound that travels through the neck tissue can be sensed with a custom sensor modified from a microphone. Actually, speech Manuscript received February 24, 2011. Manuscript revised May 10, 2011. † The author is with the Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Nagano-shi, 380-8553 Japan.† † The author is with the Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu-shi, 939-0398 Japan.a) E-mail: otani@cs.shinshu-u.ac.jp b) E-mail: hirahara@pu-toyama.ac. . The NAM microphone is a small condenser microphone covered with a soft impression material such as a soft silicon or a urethane elastomer, which provides a better impedance matching between biological soft tissues and the co...

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“…Apart from the studies describing the vocal mechanism of whispers' production mostly on a glottal level 11,12,13,14 , as well as a recent study on whispered consonants 15 , the few notable studies on whispered vowels 16,17,18 are mainly concentrated on a few main vowels /I,E,ae,2,U/ and conclude with general comments on vowel placement such as "higher formants in comparison with normal vowels", but accurate acoustic measurements of the precise amount of shift for each vowel/diphthong is lacking. Thus, whispered speech still lacks an acoustic vowel space determination (a classic F 2xF 1 plane) for researchers to refer to.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Vowel Space for Whispered Speech

2012

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Whispered speech is a relatively common form of communications, used primarily to selectively exclude or include potential listeners from hearing a spoken message. Despite the everyday nature of whispering, and its undoubted usefulness in vocal communications, whispers have received relatively little research effort to date, apart from some studies analysing the main whispered vowels and some quite general estimations of whispered speech characteristics. In particular, a classic vowel space determination has been lacking for whispers. For voiced speech, this type of information has played an important role in the development and testing of recognition and processing theories over the past few decades, and can be expected to be equally useful for whisper-mode communications and recognition systems.This paper aims to redress the shortfall by presenting a vowel formant space for whispered speech, and comparing the results with corresponding phonated samples. In addition, since the study was conducted using speakers from Birmingham, the analysis extends to discuss the effect of the common British West Midlands (WM) accent in comparison with Standard English (RP). Thus, the paper presents the analysis of formant data showing differences between normal and whispered speech while also considering an accentual effect on whispered speech.

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Laryngeal Hyperfunction During Whispering: Reality or Myth?

Cited by 43 publications

References 8 publications

Laryngoscopic, Acoustic, Perceptual, and Functional Assessment of Voice in Rock Singers

Laryngoscopic, Acoustic, Perceptual, and Functional Assessment of Voice in Rock Singers

Numerical Simulation of Air Flow through Glottis during Very Weak Whisper Sound Production

A Comprehensive Vowel Space for Whispered Speech

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