Laryngeal Epithelial Changes on Effects of Smoking and Drinking

Effects of Electronic Nicotine Delivery System on Larynx: Experimental Study

“…It was also shown that metaplasia in the supraglottic region increased with aging and with tobacco and alcohol consumption. 12 Animal studies have confirmed the effects of smoking on the laryngeal mucosa and have enabled an understanding of the developmental stages that precede cancer. However, the ENDS is a recent technological innovation, and no research on the use of ENDS has yet been published.…”

“…8,9 Similarly, clinical studies showed associations of smoking and Reinke's edema, metaplasia, and keratotic and erythroplastic lesions with atypia. [10][11][12] Animal studies also revealed vocal fold changes, including hyperplasia, metaplasia, and keratinization, triggered by regular smoking. [13][14][15] The vocal fold is the most common site of laryngeal carcinoma, 16 and it is vulnerable to vapor produced by ENDS because the cord lies directly in the upper respiratory tract.…”

Videostroboscopic Characteristics of Young Adult Female Smokers vs. Nonsmokers

“…In addition, the supraglottic tissues of larynges of heavy smokers were significantly different when compared with those of light smokers. In contrast to Hirabayashi et al, 9 Stemple et al 10 describe smoking as an irritant of both respiratory and laryngeal mechanisms with the detrimental effect of a thinning of the mucosal lining. Because of the decreased lining, some smokers may present with an abusive cough due to increased sensitivity of the structures.…”

The Effect of Smoking on the Dysphonia Severity Index in Females

“…In addition to possible effects on the respiratory system, several studies have described effects on the laryngeal mechanism that may be attributable to smoking, such as a higher incidence of histological changes in the epithelial cover of the vocal fold(s) (e.g. precancerous atypical nuclei, early invasive carcinoma and overall epithelial thickening) [7][8][9] , mild-to-chronic edema, erythema, epithelial hyperplasia, inflammation of the vocal tract, chronic laryngitis, and the development of abusive coughing due to increased sensitivity of the laryngeal structures [10][11][12][13][14][15] . Smoking has particularly been associated with Reinke's edema, a condition in which the vocal folds become grossly distended and edematous due to buildup of fluid that occurs primarily within the first layer of the lamina propria (Reinke's space) [13,16] .…”