Larval head anatomy of<i>Heterogynis penella</i>(Zygaenoidea, Heterogynidae), and a general discussion of caterpillar head structure (Insecta, Lepidoptera)

Vegliante, Francesca

doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2005.00198.x

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…This keeps CNglcs from L. corniculatus intact during feeding and digestion by Z. filipendulae . The mandible morphology of other less specialised species belonging to Zygaenoidea ( Aglaope infausta or Heterogynis penella which feed on cyanogenic and non-cyanogenic plant species) differs as their mandibles are more toothed and compact [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] . In general, leaf-snipping lepidopterans have simple, round-shaped and non-toothed mandibles, which enable them to ingest plant fragments of a similar size [30] , [31] as observed in Z. filipendulae .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Multiple Strategies of an Insect Herbivore to Overcome Plant Cyanogenic Glucoside Defence

et al. 2014

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Cyanogenic glucosides (CNglcs) are widespread plant defence compounds that release toxic hydrogen cyanide by plant β-glucosidase activity after tissue damage. Specialised insect herbivores have evolved counter strategies and some sequester CNglcs, but the underlying mechanisms to keep CNglcs intact during feeding and digestion are unknown. We show that CNglc-sequestering Zygaena filipendulae larvae combine behavioural, morphological, physiological and biochemical strategies at different time points during feeding and digestion to avoid toxic hydrolysis of the CNglcs present in their Lotus food plant, i.e. cyanogenesis. We found that a high feeding rate limits the time for plant β-glucosidases to hydrolyse CNglcs. Larvae performed leaf-snipping, a minimal disruptive feeding mode that prevents mixing of plant β-glucosidases and CNglcs. Saliva extracts did not inhibit plant cyanogenesis. However, a highly alkaline midgut lumen inhibited the activity of ingested plant β-glucosidases significantly. Moreover, insect β-glucosidases from the saliva and gut tissue did not hydrolyse the CNglcs present in Lotus. The strategies disclosed may also be used by other insect species to overcome CNglc-based plant defence and to sequester these compounds intact.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Multiple Strategies of an Insect Herbivore to Overcome Plant Cyanogenic Glucoside Defence

et al. 2014

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“…Among these, amino acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism are the most active pathways. Insect heads are filled with muscles and organs such as the brain, SG, corpora allatum, and spinnerets [ 37 ], which need large amounts of energy to maintain their physiological functions [ 38 , 39 ]. Furthermore, it has been proposed that silk fiber formation in the spinnerets is an energy-consuming process [ 36 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolomics Analysis of the Larval Head of the Silkworm, Bombyx mori

Wang

Chen

et al. 2016

IJMS

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The head, which performs many biological functions, is the most complicated structure of an insect. Development, locomotor behavior, food intake, environmental sensing, and signal transduction are all controlled by the insect’s head. As a well-studied insect in Lepidoptera, the silkworm head has an additional function of spinning silk fibers. To understand which molecules are involved in these physiological activities, we performed a metabolomics analysis of silkworm heads. By integrating GC-MS and LC-MS/MS, 90 metabolites were identified in the larval heads of silkworms. These were classified into 13 categories, including amino acids, sugars, organic acids, nucleotides, alcohols, and fatty acids. Informatics analysis revealed that these metabolites are involved in cellular processes, environmental information processing, genetic information processing, human diseases, metabolism, organismal systems, and other pathways. The identified metabolites and pathways are involved in biological processes such as signal transduction, carbohydrate metabolism, endocrine activities, and sensory activities; reflecting the functions of various organs in silkworm heads. Thus, our findings provide references which elucidate the potential functions of the silkworm head and will be of great value for the metabolomics research of silkworms and other insects.

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“…M. tentoriomandibularis is also present and extremely thin in Nannochorista , and is recorded for Osmylus (three subcomponents; Wundt 1961), Raphidia (Beutel and Ge in press), Oryzaephilus (Coleoptera) (composed of one muscle fibre and eight multipolar sensory cells; Honomichl 1978) and for larvae of basal groups of Lepidoptera (e.g. Agathiphaga ; few muscle fibres and a cluster of sensory neurons; Kristensen 1984, 2003; Vegliante 2005). It is absent (or has been overlooked due to its very small size) in larvae of other endopterygote taxa (e.g.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The larval head morphology of Xyela sp. (Xyelidae, Hymenoptera) and its phylogenetic implications

Beutel¹,

Krogmann

Vilhelmsen

2008

J Zoological System

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Larval head structures of Xyela sp. are described in detail. The characters are compared to conditions found in larvae of other groups of Hymenoptera and Endopterygota. Like other symphytan larvae the immature stages of Xyelidae are mainly characterized by presumably plesiomorphic features of the head. The head sutures are well developed and all parts of the tentorium are present. The labrum is free and a complete set of labral muscles is present. The maxillae are in a retracted position. In contrast to other hymenopteran larvae Xyela possesses a clypeofrontal suture, a comparatively long antenna and three well-developed antennal muscles. Apomorphic features of Xyela are the absence of muscles associated with the salivarium and the complete absence of Musculus craniocardinalis. A clade comprising Orussidae and Apocrita is supported by the unsegmented maxillary and labial palps and the absence of the lacinia. Six potential autapomorphies for the Hymenoptera were revealed: (1) the caudal tentorial apodeme, (2) the bifurcated tendon of Musculus craniomandibularus internus, (3) the lateral lobe of the cardo, (4) the origin of M. tentoriohypopharyngalis from the posterior head capsule, (5) the exceptionally strong prepharyngo-pharyngeal longitudinal muscle and (6) the longitudinal muscle of the silk press. The maxillolabial complex, the vestigial M. craniocardinalis and a distinctly developed labio-hypopharyngeal lobe bearing the opening of the salivary duct are potential synapomorphies of Hymenoptera and Mecopterida. The globular, orthognathous head capsule, the modified compound eyes, the occipital furrow and the X-shaped tentorium are features with unclear polarity shared by Hymenoptera and Mecoptera.

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Larval head anatomy ofHeterogynis penella(Zygaenoidea, Heterogynidae), and a general discussion of caterpillar head structure (Insecta, Lepidoptera)

Cited by 12 publications

References 62 publications

The Multiple Strategies of an Insect Herbivore to Overcome Plant Cyanogenic Glucoside Defence

The Multiple Strategies of an Insect Herbivore to Overcome Plant Cyanogenic Glucoside Defence

Metabolomics Analysis of the Larval Head of the Silkworm, Bombyx mori

The larval head morphology of Xyela sp. (Xyelidae, Hymenoptera) and its phylogenetic implications

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