Large-scale triaxial testing of grey wacke rockfill

Indraratna, Buddhima; Wijewardena, L. S. S.; Balasubramaniam, A. S.

doi:10.1680/geot.1993.43.1.37

Cited by 180 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…It was pointed out in earlier studies that as the sample size ratio (i.e. the diameter of the test specimen to the maximum particle size) exceeds 6, sample-size effects become increasingly insignificant (Marachi et al, 1972;Indraratna et al, 1993). The PSD of the clean ballast used in this study is plotted in Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Shear strength envelopes Figure 8 shows the Mohr-Coulomb diagrams of the clayfouled ballast specimens, which exhibit a non-linear shear strength envelope similar to other rockfills (Indraratna et al, 1993(Indraratna et al, , 1998. The apparent peak friction angle (ö9 p ) corresponding to a given normal stress is readily determined by the gradient of the envelope (i.e.…”

Section: Stress-strain Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

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Behaviour of clay-fouled ballast under drained triaxial testing

Indraratna¹,

Tennakoon²,

Nimbalkar³

et al. 2013

Géotechnique

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112

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Contamination or fouling of rail ballast with external fines, including slurried and pumped subgrade material (e.g. clay and silt), is one of the primary reasons for track deterioration. Fouling causes differential settlement of the track, and also decreases the load-bearing capacity, owing to the reduction in the friction angle of the granular assembly. In certain circumstances, fouled ballast needs to be cleaned or replaced to maintain the desired track stiffness, load-bearing capacity and track alignment, all of which influence safety. This paper presents and discusses the results of a series of large-scale triaxial tests conducted on latite basalt, a rail ballast of volcanic origin, commonly used in Australia. Consolidated drained triaxial tests were conducted under three different levels of confining pressure and varying degrees of clay fouling. Stress-strain degradation characteristics are discussed in detail. This paper also describes the non-linear strength envelope and a novel empirical relationship to capture the detrimental effects of clay fouling on the performance of ballasted tracks. Contamination or fouling of rail ballast with external fines, including slurried and pumped subgrade material (e.g. clay and silt), is one of the primary reasons for track deterioration. Fouling causes differential settlement of the track, and also decreases the load-bearing capacity, owing to the reduction in the friction angle of the granular assembly. In certain circumstances, fouled ballast needs to be cleaned or replaced to maintain the desired track stiffness, load-bearing capacity and track alignment, all of which influence safety. This paper presents and discusses the results of a series of large-scale triaxial tests conducted on latite basalt, a rail ballast of volcanic origin, commonly used in Australia. Consolidated drained triaxial tests were conducted under three different levels of confining pressure and varying degrees of clay fouling. Stress-strain degradation characteristics are discussed in detail. This paper also describes the non-linear strength envelope and a novel empirical relationship to capture the detrimental effects of clay fouling on the performance of ballasted tracks.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Stress-strain Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Behaviour of clay-fouled ballast under drained triaxial testing

Indraratna¹,

Tennakoon²,

Nimbalkar³

et al. 2013

Géotechnique

Self Cite

112

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“…The two horizontal walls had the same normal stiffness as the particles (10 9 N/m); the normal stiffness of the cylindrical vertical wall (10 8 N/m) was set to be one tenth of the normal stiffness of the particles in order to simulate the effect of the flexible membrane. As the influence of the sample to particle size ratio on results becomes negligible when the size ratio is approximately more than 6 [33], this smaller sample size should not significantly affect the results. The experimental samples had initial voids ratios between 0.68 and 0.70.…”

Section: Triaxial Test Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Discrete element modelling of scaled railway ballast under triaxial conditions

McDowell

2016

Granular Matter

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The aim of this study is to demonstrate the use of tetrahedral clumps to model scaled railway ballast using the discrete element method (DEM). In experimental triaxial tests, the peak friction angles for scaled ballast are less sensitive to the confining pressure when compared to fullsized ballast. This is presumed to be due to the size effect on particle strength, whereby smaller particles are statistically stronger and exhibit less abrasion. To investigate this in DEM, the ballast is modelled using clumps with breakable asperities to produce the correct volumetric deformation. The effects of the quantity and properties of these asperities are investigated, and it is shown that the strength affects the macroscopic shear strength at both high and low confining pressures, while the effects of the number of asperities diminishes with increasing confining pressure due to asperity breakage. It is also shown that changing the number of asperities only affects the peak friction angle but not the ultimate friction angle by comparing the angles of repose of samples with different numbers of asperities.

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“…Peak strength does not increase linearly with the applied normal stress, as is observed for other coarse-grained and rockfill-like materials (e.g. Marsal 1973;Indraratna et al 1993). Linear regression of the data provided peak and post-peak friction angles of 42°and 36°, respectively.…”

Section: Results From Previous Testsmentioning

confidence: 51%

Application of large-scale ring shear tests to the analysis of tsunamigenic landslides at the Stromboli volcano, Italy

Boldini

Wang

Sassa³

et al. 2009

Landslides

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Application of large-scale ring shear tests to the analysis of tsunamigenic landslides at the Stromboli volcano, ItalyAbstract The island of Stromboli (Southern Italy) is a 4,000-m-high volcanic edifice about 900 m above sea level. Most of the NW flank is formed by a wide scar (Sciara del Fuoco) filled by irregular alternations of volcaniclastic layers and thin lava flows. Between 29 and 30 December 2002, a submarine and a subaerial landslide involved the northernmost part of the Sciara del Fuoco slope and caused two tsunami waves with a maximum run-up of 10 m. Mechanisms of the rapid submarine landslide and the preceding deformation of the subaerial and submarine slope were investigated using large-scale ring shear tests on the saturated and dry volcaniclastic material. The shear behaviour of the material under different drainage conditions was analysed during tests conducted at DPRI, Kyoto University. Pore pressure generation, mobilised shear strength and grain crushing, within a range of displacements encompassing the different stages of evolution of the slope, were considered. Experimental results suggest that even at larger displacements, shear strength of the dry material explains the virtual stability of the slope. Conversely, full or partial liquefaction can be invoked to explain the submarine failure and the subsequent long runout (more than 1,000 m) of the failed materials.

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Large-scale triaxial testing of grey wacke rockfill

Cited by 180 publications

References 11 publications

Behaviour of clay-fouled ballast under drained triaxial testing

Behaviour of clay-fouled ballast under drained triaxial testing

Discrete element modelling of scaled railway ballast under triaxial conditions

Application of large-scale ring shear tests to the analysis of tsunamigenic landslides at the Stromboli volcano, Italy

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