Large-scale production and transport of hydrogen from Norway to Europe and Japan: Value chain analysis and comparison of liquid hydrogen and ammonia as energy carriers

Green ammonia as a spatial energy vector: a review

“…In four of these cases, 7,24,25,57 ammonia was identied as the cheapest option for international energy transport. Of the remaining authors, Ishimoto et al 60 and Hijikata 26 preferred LH 2 , and DNV GL 22 preferred LOHCs. Hijikata observed only very small differences between various energy carriers and used data from 2002 which no longer provides an accurate measure of production costs.…”

“…The only specic energy importers considered were Germany, Belgium, and Japan, although Europe as a general region was considered by Wietschel and Hasenauer. 55 In some cases, 25,55,60 multiple importer-exporter pairs were considered, and Kawakami et al 62 performed a simple optimisation to select shipping size, and to determine which of the Middle East and the US would be more suitable energy exporters to Japan. The Hydrogen Import Coalition 57 estimate the costs of shipping various hydrogen derivatives to Belgium from ve locations; their results showed it was cheaper to import ammonia from Morocco than Chile, even though production was cheaper in Chile, because of the impact of transport costs.…”

“…Additionally, the data relating the cost of transport to the transport distance is scattered between different authors. Ishimoto et al 60 estimate that increasing the transport distance by a factor of 10 only doubles the transport cost, because in their analysis, the capital costs of port infrastructure and ships dominate the shipping costs.…”

“…The dashed lines represent estimated shipping costs for a low (300 USD per t) and high (700 USD per t) case. The data from Ishimoto et al 60 are not displayed; they estimate a cost of 11 USD per GJ over 21 000 km.…”

The Role of Green and Blue Hydrogen in the Energy Transition—A Technological and Geopolitical Perspective

“…Different studies compare available alternatives for seaborne hydrogen transport [37], considering environmental and economic aspects. Some studies present detailed assessments focusing on specific routes, including Norway to Europe or Japan [38], Australia to Japan and Korea [39], Chile-Japan [40], and Argentina-Japan [41]. Hydrogen transport in ships require the highest possible energy density per unit of volume, to avoid excessive costs.…”