Large-scale liquid hydrogen production methods and approaches: A review

Aasadnia, Majid; Mehrpooya, Mehdi

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.12.033

Cited by 272 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 146 publications

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“…The atoms in the molecule possess a nuclear spin of +1/2 or −1/2, and overall nuclear spins of the molecules are equal to 0 or 1. In ortho‐hydrogen, the proton nuclear spins are in similar direction, but in para‐hydrogen, the proton nuclear spins are in the opposite direction . The para‐hydrogen has low energy compared with the ortho state.…”

Section: Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In ortho-hydrogen, the proton nuclear spins are in similar direction, but in para-hydrogen, the proton nuclear spins are in the opposite direction. 3 The para-hydrogen has low energy compared with the ortho state. One of the most influential factors on hydrogen liquefaction is the ortho-to-para conversion.…”

Section: Ortho-to-para Hydrogen Conversionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gaseous hydrogen possesses a high gravimetric energy density compared with liquid fuels such as alcohols and hydrocarbons, but the volumetric energy density of hydrogen is considerably lower than other fuels . Liquid hydrogen (LH 2 ) has low weight and volume and high energy content compared with the gaseous hydrogen . The main barriers of LH 2 production are as follows: (a) high capital cost, energy consumption, and operation/maintenance cost; (b) low efficiency of hydrogen liquefaction plants and losses in the storage of liquid hydrogen.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,2 Liquid hydrogen (LH 2 ) has low weight and volume and high energy content compared with the gaseous hydrogen. 3 The main barriers of LH 2 production are as follows 4 : (a) high capital cost, energy consumption, and operation/ maintenance cost; (b) low efficiency of hydrogen liquefaction plants and losses in the storage of liquid hydrogen. Georges Claude developed a cycle for air liquefaction that was used for hydrogen liquefaction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A novel integrated hydrogen and natural gas liquefaction process using two multistage mixed refrigerant refrigeration systems

2019

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Summary The development and analysis of combined hydrogen and natural gas liquefaction process are reported. Two refrigeration cycles using mixed refrigerants (MRs) are employed. The developed process is capable of generating 290 tons hydrogen and 296 tons liquid natural gas on daily basis. The first refrigeration cycle of the introduced process liquefies 3.5 kg·s−1 normal gaseous hydrogen and 3.5 kg·s−1 normal natural gas at room temperature and 21 bar to −195°C with the consumed power of 0.643 kWh/kgLH2,kgLNG. The second refrigeration cycle cools down the hydrogen and natural gas to −253°C with the consumed power of 1.662 kWh/kgLH2,kgLNG, leading to a lower total consumed power than that of the identical liquefaction processes. The use of novel and appropriately mixed refrigerants based on the configuration, and the thermal design of expanders and heat exchangers fora wide range of temperatures are the innovations of the process. Additionally, the refrigerant compositions of refrigeration cycles are novel. The energy analysis indicated that the coefficient of performance (COP) for the developed process is 0.2442, which is notably high compared with the COP of other identical processes (typically less than 0.1797). The exergy analysis revealed that the overall exergy efficiency of the liquefaction process is 62.54%. Highlight edited A novel integrated hydrogen and natural gas liquefaction process is introduced. The process can generate 290 tons hydrogen and 296 tons liquid natural gas per day. Total power consumptions of the process are 4.165 kWh/kgLH2,kgLNG. Coefficient of performance (COP) for the developed process is 0.2442, which is notably high compared with the COP of other identical processes. Overall exergy efficiency of the liquefaction process is 62.54%.

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Section: Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ortho-to-para Hydrogen Conversionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A novel integrated hydrogen and natural gas liquefaction process using two multistage mixed refrigerant refrigeration systems

2019

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“…Since liquefying hydrogen is an energy costly process, its efficiency has to be increased to above 0.5 of the Carnot efficiency [7] with the best numbers now below 0.3 among the world-leading LH 2 plants. [8,9] Novel proposals have been made to increase the efficiency, including a multistep process to collect the wasted energies, [9] which in turn will increase the cost and efficiency, and the aim close to 0.5 is still a great obstacle for the traditional gas compress-expansion processes.Magnetic refrigeration using the magnetocaloric effect (MCE) of a magnetic material is, in principle, a most efficient way for LH 2 because the MCE involving the spin-spin interaction can operate at ideal Carnot circle and the entropy density of an MC material is generally thousands times more than that of the gaseous form. [10][11][12] Adiabatic demagnetization refrigeration (ADR) can achieve above 90% of the Carnot efficiency with a limited temperature span, whereas the active magnetic regenerate refrigerator (AMR) designed to give enough temperature spans did not realize the estimated efficiency yet.…”

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confidence: 99%

Enhancing the Magnetocaloric Effect of a Paramagnet to above Liquid Hydrogen Temperature

2019

Energy Tech

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Liquid hydrogen (LH2) is one of the most efficient ways for storing and transporting the H2 energy in hydrogen economy. Magnetic refrigeration using the magnetocaloric effect (MCE) is the preferable means to liquify H2 since the adiabatic demagnetization process can approach 100% of carnot efficiency. In practice, mainly due to the lack of single material that covers enough temperature span, the efficiencies of the prototypes of magnetic refrigerators are still far below the economic viable threshold (50%). Based on a theoretical analysis on the single ion anisotropy of Tb3+‐containing materials, it is found experimentally that MCE can be 100% enhanced for a model crystal LiCaTb5(BO3)6 (LCTB) at 20.2 K over the practical magnetic cooling medium Gd3Ga5O13 (GGG) for the cryogenic temperatures, and more importantly the enhancement covers a range of at least 15–40 K in a typical field change of 6 T.

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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Regulation for Mg‐Based Hydrogen Storage Materials: Challenges, Strategies, and Perspectives

Wang,

Li,

Wei

et al. 2024

Adv Funct Materials

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Mg‐based hydrogen storage materials have drawn considerable attention as the solution for hydrogen storage and transportation due to their high hydrogen storage density, low cost, and high safety characteristics. However, their practical applications are hindered by the high dehydrogenation temperatures, low equilibrium pressure, and sluggish hydrogenation and dehydrogenation (de/hydrogenation) rates. These functionalities are typically determined by the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of de/hydrogenation reactions. This review comprehensively discusses how the compositeization, catalysts, alloying, and nanofabrication strategies can improve the thermodynamic and kinetic performances of Mg‐based hydrogen storage materials. Since the introduction of various additives leads the samples being a multiple‐phases and elements system, prediction methods of hydrogen storage properties are simultaneously introduced. In the last part of this review, the advantages and disadvantages of each approach are discussed and a summary of the emergence of new materials and potential strategies for realizing lower‐cost preparation, lower operation temperature, and long‐cycle properties is provided.

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Large-scale liquid hydrogen production methods and approaches: A review

Cited by 272 publications

References 146 publications

A novel integrated hydrogen and natural gas liquefaction process using two multistage mixed refrigerant refrigeration systems

A novel integrated hydrogen and natural gas liquefaction process using two multistage mixed refrigerant refrigeration systems

Enhancing the Magnetocaloric Effect of a Paramagnet to above Liquid Hydrogen Temperature

Thermodynamic and Kinetic Regulation for Mg‐Based Hydrogen Storage Materials: Challenges, Strategies, and Perspectives

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