“…Incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW) results in the formation and partial emission of various semi-volatile products of incomplete combustion, including polychlorinated dibenzo- p -dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). A total of 17 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs are especially of concern, because of their high toxic equivalency (TEQ), bioaccumulation, and carcinogenicity. , Incineration is a major contributor to global PCDD/F emissions, and these PCDD/Fs are also targeted by the Stockholm Convention, an international environmental treaty aiming to eliminate or restrict the production and use of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) . Consequently, stringent regulations limiting dioxin emission concentrations (e.g., to 0.1 ng I-TEQ/Nm 3 ) have been enforced in many countries .…”