Large electromagnetic stop bands in metallodielectric photonic crystals

Brown, E. R.; McMahon, O. B.

doi:10.1063/1.114745

Cited by 139 publications

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“…Brown and McMahon [9] have fabricated metallodielectric PBG material with metal spheres arranged in a fcc lattice, and observed stop bands in the microwave regime. Fan et al [6] showed that the experimentally observed stop band is the result of a directional gap in the (111) direction, while a complete band gap can be realized by arranging the spheres in the diamond structure.…”

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Robust Photonic Band Gap from Tunable Scatterers

et al. 2000

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We show theoretically and experimentally that photonic band gaps can be realized using metal or metal-coated spheres as building blocks. Robust photonic gaps exist in any periodic structure built from such spheres when the filling ratio of the spheres exceeds a threshold. The frequency and the size of the gaps depend on the local order rather than on the symmetry or the global long range order. Good agreement between theory and experiment is obtained in the microwave regime. Calculations show that the approach can be scaled up to optical frequencies even in the presence of absorption.PACS numbers: 42.70.Qs Photonic band gap (PBG) is a spectral gap in which electromagnetic waves cannot propagate in any direction [1]. Recently, two promising routes have been discovered that may lead to PBG in the IR͞optical frequencies: (i) microfabrication [2] and (ii) inverse-opal and related techniques [3]. Both methods seek to create some predefined artificial structure with an interconnected array of high dielectrics. Here we propose an alternate route. Instead of emphasizing the structure, we focus on the building blocks. The building blocks we propose are spheres with a dielectric core, a metal coating, and an outer insulating layer. With multiple coatings of variable thicknesses, these coated spheres have continuously tunable scattering cross sections and resonances. In analogy with semiconductor physics, we have designable "photonic atoms" which have continuously tunable properties. Depending on how we assemble these spheres together, we can choose the crystal structure which in turn can be changed by external fields [4]. In this paper, we show by physical argument and by explicit calculation and experimentation that any periodic structure formed from such spheres can exhibit photonic band gaps. This contrasts with the conventional PBG systems where the global symmetry and the structure factors are equally important, which in turn lead to added difficulties in their fabrication.In order to handle the calculation involving spherical scatterers with metallic coating, we developed a band structure code based on the multiple scattering technique (MST) [5]. We checked our results against photonic band structures calculated using the finite-difference time domain (FDTD) method, where the convergence has been carefully monitored [6]. The test case is the photonic band structure of ideal metal spheres arranged in the diamond structure with a filling ratio f 0.31, embedded in a medium with e 2.1. This is a demanding test case since the metal spheres touch at f 0.34. With our code, we obtain a gap͞midgap frequency of 0.56 (with angular momentum up to l 7), which is in excellent agreement with that of FDTD [6]. Our result lies between their finest grid value of 0.53 and the extrapolated value of 0.56. The transmission spectra reported below are computed with the layer-MST formalism of Stefanou-Yannopapas-Modinos [7]. The agreement between the band structure code and the transmission code is excellent.Since metallic elements are invo...

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Robust Photonic Band Gap from Tunable Scatterers

et al. 2000

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“…It has been found that the inverse-opal technique and the glancing angle deposition (GLAD) method are suitable for microfabrication of three-dimensional PCs in the optical or infrared frequencies [10][11][12]. Recently, the introduction of a metal scattering centre with a small volume fraction as the composite material instead of pure dielectrics has allowed the construction of so-called metallodielectric photonic crystals (MDPCs) [13][14][15]. This class of composite 1 Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Band gaps from ring resonators and structural periodicity

Qi¹,

Hou²,

Wen³

2005

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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The electromagnetic band gap properties through a two-dimensional plate constructed with centimetre-sized spherical foam balls surrounded by aluminium rings are studied in the microwave range of 0.7-18 GHz. We observe from both experiments and finite-difference time-domain simulations that multiple band gaps appear and correspond to different resonant modes localized in the rings. The principal stop band, the lowest mode, appears at low frequencies and is robust to any lattice structure, even disorder. However, the remaining auxiliary stop bands, caused by high-order resonances, are usually located at higher frequencies and are more sensitive to the configuration of the structure formed by the ring resonators. We note that the stop bands would be broadened and strongly attenuated if more layers of the same plates were packed together. In addition, even or odd modes can be excited under different orientations of the rings with respect to the polarization of the illuminating radiation.

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“…However, metallic photonic structures have some primary advantages over the correspondent with dielectrics: light weight, reduced size, lower cost, and fabrication versatility. 3,4 A more important feature lies in the photonic band gap, which extends from zero frequency up to the first band pass edge, meanwhile pure dielectric photonic structures exhibit a relatively narrow forbidden band gap. On the other hand, the performances of dielectric structures can be also obtained in metallic ones by adequately changing the design parameters, 3,4 for instance in applications as frequency selective surfaces ͑FSS͒.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission properties at microwave frequencies of two-dimensional metallic lattices

Navarro

Martı́nez-Pastor

Such

1999

Journal of Applied Physics

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The transmission properties of different metallic photonic lattices ͑square and rectangular͒ have been experimentally studied. A numerical algorithm based on time domain finite differences has been used for simulating these photonic structures. The introduction of defects in the two-dimensional metallic lattice modifies its transmission spectrum. If metal rods are eliminated from ͑or added to͒ the lattice, extremely narrow peaks are observed at some particular frequencies below ͑or above͒ the band pass edge.

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Large electromagnetic stop bands in metallodielectric photonic crystals

Cited by 139 publications

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Robust Photonic Band Gap from Tunable Scatterers

Robust Photonic Band Gap from Tunable Scatterers

Band gaps from ring resonators and structural periodicity

Transmission properties at microwave frequencies of two-dimensional metallic lattices

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