“…The spin-transfer-torque (STT) effect in magnetic multilayers was theoretically predicted in [1,2] and experimentally observed in [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. It provides a new method of manipulation of the magnetization direction in nanomagnetic systems [14]: magnetization switching [3,4], generation of microwave oscillations under the action of a dc electric current [5][6][7][8][9][10][11] and the spin torque diode effect [12,13], which can then be used for the development of practical microwave detectors, so called spin-torque microwave detectors (STMD), and also for quantitatively measuring STT [15,16].…”