“…Scholars like Hedlund et al [39], Lawrence et al [58], and Huang & Zhai [43], have noted that although the precise scope of these effects is unknown and will vary greatly between and within regions, climate change is predicted to have a signi cant impact on the built environment. Increased rainfall, permafrost thawing, an increase in wild re frequency, strong storms, and oods are some of the effects of climate change on the built environment [24,93,29,63,68]. Nonetheless, a lot of buildings are susceptible to extreme weather events and climate change, and the location of built assets determines how vulnerable they are [29,64,68], without making investments in resilience, this vulnerability will inevitably grow [28].…”