Landscape Modification and Changing Ecological Characteristics

Godron, Michel; Forman, Richard T. T.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-69137-9_2

Cited by 110 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Moderate levels of development may fragment formerly continuous habitat, increasing the amount of edge habitat available. However, edge habitat will eventually decrease with increasingly severe urbanization, as all native habitat is eliminated with development (Godron andForman 1983, Sisk 1991).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Typically, moderate development will increase ornamental vegetation, water sources, primary productivity, and the amount of edge between habitats. Extreme development, however, may decrease all of these factors when they are permanently replaced with pavement and structures (Whitney and Adams 1980, Godron and Forman 1983, Mooney and Gulmon 1983, Rudnicky and McDonnell 1989, Sisk 1991.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Land Use and Avian Species Diversity Along an Urban Gradient

Blair

1996

Ecological Applications

1,232

941

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Abstract. I examined the distribution and abundance of bird species across an urban gradient, and concomitant changes in community structure, by censusing summer resident bird populations at six sites in Santa Clara County, California (all former oak woodlands). These sites represented a gradient of urban land use that ranged from relatively undisturbed to highly developed, and included a biological preserve, recreational area, golf course, residential neighborhood, office park, and business district.The composition of the bird community shifted from predominantly native species in the undisturbed area to invasive and exotic species in the business district. Species richness, Shannon diversity, and bird biomass peaked at moderately disturbed sites. One or more species reached maximal densities in each of the sites, and some species were restricted to a given site. The predevelopment bird species (assumed to be those found at the most undisturbed site) dropped out gradually as the sites became more urban. These patterns were significantly related to shifts in habitat structure that occurred along the gradient, as determined by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) using the environmental variables of percent land covered by pavement, buildings, lawn, grasslands, and trees or shrubs. I compared each formal site to four additional sites with similar levels of development within a two-county area to verify that the bird communities at the formal study sites were representative of their land use category.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Land Use and Avian Species Diversity Along an Urban Gradient

Blair

1996

Ecological Applications

1,232

941

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“…Several functional concepts including the shifting mosaic steady state (Watt 1947;Bormann and Likens 1979) and stability states (Godron and Forman 1983), have been used to identify natural disturbances as the primary driving factors that maintain the vegetation mosaic at equilibrium. As a result, natural disturbances on sites with similar conditions generally favor the cycling of the same plant communities; that is, they enable the postdisturbance recovery process to produce stands similar to the predisturbance state.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shift of Conifer Boreal Forest to Lichen–Heath Parkland Caused by Successive Stand Disturbances

Payette

Delwaide

2003

Ecosystems

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In the southern boreal forest (Qué bec, Canada), tree harvesting is a major disturbance affecting the dominant black spruce (Picea mariana) stands already suffering from naturally recurrent insect and fire disturbances. Although recovery of the spruce forest after an insect infestation or a fire is possible under current site conditions, it is less likely when both types of disturbance occur during a short period of time. The addition of yet another disturbance, such as tree harvesting, can thus have catastrophic consequences. We analyzed the impact of three successive disturbances-tree harvesting, insect infestation, and fire-on the regeneration of boreal spruce-moss forests within a period of approximately 50 years. The spruce forests were harvested in the 1940s and the 1950s. Recovery from the logging consisted of advance regeneration (spruce layers less than 1 m high that were left intact during clear-cuts), which was burned in 1991. The vegetation cover (mostly heath and lichen species) and soil conditions (acidic, nutrientpoor podzolic soils developed from coarse materials) of the postfire sites that we studied were similar. Stand structure and tree regeneration were documented from large quadrats (0.25 ha) using age, size, and tree ring data from postlogged and postfire spruce. At an early stage of development, the growing advance regeneration was damaged by insect defoliators in the late 1970s and the mid1980s, and several trees died a few years before the 1991 fire. The successive disturbances considerably reduced the number of seed-bearers, leading to the collapse of postfire regeneration and a shift to parkland. Through a successional trajectory far from the expected trend for boreal forests influenced by single disturbance, the shift resulted in the formation of divergent plant communities. The development of divergent communities at the landscape scale is generally overlooked due to their small size. They indicate, however, the weak resilience of boreal forests faced with cascading perturbations, which are likely to increase in intensively logged areas.

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“…Urban forest patches in our study area exhibited a rather depauperate bird assemblage relative to peri-urban forests in both 1998-2010 and 2010-2014. In fact, moderate urban development typically increases heterogeneity, but extreme development decreases heterogeneity and the availability of resources as they are permanently replaced with impervious surface and human infrastructure [38,[61][62][63][64]. This pattern results in an increase in species richness and diversity with moderate levels of urbanization and a decrease with higher levels [38].…”

Section: Temporal Changes Of the Effect Of Upufs Characteristics On Bmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal Variation of Ecological Factors Affecting Bird Species Richness in Urban and Peri-Urban Forests in a Changing Environment: A Case Study from Milan (Northern Italy)

Canedoli

Orioli

Padoa‐Schioppa

et al. 2017

Forests

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Urban and peri-urban forests determine different habitat services for biodiversity according to their characteristics. In this study, we relate ecological characteristics of urban and peri-urban forests to forest bird species richness and we assess whether their effect changed over time due to the urban sprawl within the urban region of Milan, Italy. We analyse two periods (1998-2002 and 2010-2014) using weighted generalized linear models that considered urban and peri-urban forests collectively and urban and peri-urban forests separately. Patch area, proximity to source areas and number of surrounding urban and peri-urban forests were the main factors predicting species richness within urban and peri-urban forests in both periods. While there were no differences in factors affecting bird richness in peri-urban forests between the two periods, the negative effect of urban matrix density was statistically significant for birds inhabiting urban forests in the second period. Moreover, protected areas within urban and peri-urban forests and urban forests in the second period were important determinants in providing suitable habitat for birds at the regional scale. This study offered important insights regarding urban and peri-urban forests characteristics that should be maintained to ensure biodiversity conservation across changing urban landscapes.

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Landscape Modification and Changing Ecological Characteristics

Cited by 110 publications

References 16 publications

Land Use and Avian Species Diversity Along an Urban Gradient

Land Use and Avian Species Diversity Along an Urban Gradient

Shift of Conifer Boreal Forest to Lichen–Heath Parkland Caused by Successive Stand Disturbances

Temporal Variation of Ecological Factors Affecting Bird Species Richness in Urban and Peri-Urban Forests in a Changing Environment: A Case Study from Milan (Northern Italy)

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