“…Cities in North America, Europe, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and a few cities in Asia and Africa have opted for induced land value capture (VC) mechanisms as an alternate funding to build rail transit systems [4][5][6]. Land value capture refers to a type of innovative public financing, in which increases in land values generated by a new public infrastructure investment are all or in part "captured" through a land related tax or any other active or passive mechanisms, such as betterment charges, tax increment financing, air rights sale, property development, to pay back such an investment [7]. In other words, VC, in a broader sense, opposes the windfall gains derived out of public infrastructure creation accrued to a privileged few as unearned income, but argues for redistribution of such gains fully or partially to fund public investment and also to compensate social-costs often resulting from these investment negativities [8].…”