Land Use and Land Cover Change in Sagarmatha National Park, a World Heritage Site in the Himalayas of Eastern Nepal

Garrard, Rodney; Köhler, Thomas; Price, Martin F.; Byers, Alton C.; Sherpa, Ang Rita; Maharjan, Gyanu Raja

doi:10.1659/mrd-journal-d-15-00005.1

Cited by 49 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(20 reference statements)

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“…Similar to Himachal Pradesh, we found 2 empirical articles for the Nepal Himalaya, both of which report more local deforestation and forest degradation due to ecotourism because of increased demand for timber and fuelwood (Stevens ; Garrard et al. ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of ecotourism on forest loss in the Himalayan biodiversity hotspot based on counterfactual analyses

Brandt

Radeloff

Allendorf

et al. 2019

Conservation Biology

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Ecotourism is developing rapidly in biodiversity hotspots worldwide, but there is limited and mixed empirical evidence that ecotourism achieves positive biodiversity outcomes. We assessed whether ecotourism influenced forest loss rates and trajectories from 2000 to 2017 in Himalayan temperate forests. We compared forest loss in 15 ecotourism hubs with nonecotourism areas in 4 Himalayan countries. We used matching statistics to control for local‐level determinants of forest loss, for example, population density, market access, and topography. None of the ecotourism hubs was free of forest loss, and we found limited evidence that forest‐loss trajectories in ecotourism hubs were different from those in nonecotourism areas. In Nepal and Bhutan, differences in forest loss rates between ecotourism hubs and matched nonecotourism areas did not differ significantly, and the magnitude of the estimated effect was small. In India, where overall forest loss rates were the lowest of any country in our analysis, forest loss rates were higher in ecotourism hubs than in matched nonecotourism areas. In contrast, in China, where overall forest loss rates were highest, forest loss rates were lower in ecotourism hubs than where there was no ecotourism. Our results suggest that the success of ecotourism as a forest conservation strategy, as it is currently practiced in the Himalaya, is context dependent. In a region with high deforestation pressures, ecotourism may be a relatively environmentally friendly form of economic development relative to other development strategies. However, ecotourism may stimulate forest loss in regions where deforestation rates are low.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…) and Nepal (Stevens ; Garrard et al. ) found more deforestation in ecotourism hubs. However, none of these prior studies used counterfactual approaches to control for deforestation pressure, and their findings may reflect that ecotourism hubs are often located in places that inherently have higher deforestation pressure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of ecotourism on forest loss in the Himalayan biodiversity hotspot based on counterfactual analyses

Brandt

Radeloff

Allendorf

et al. 2019

Conservation Biology

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“…Nature reserves should promote the proper understanding of the ecological incidence of humans on high mountain ecosystems and landscape across time, but not necessarily reproduce them. Photography: Grup d'Arqueologia de l'Alta Muntanya, Archive of the Aigüestortes i Estany de Sant Maurici National Park measures (Garrard et al 2016). Indeed, rapid economic development related to the climatic shifts may be faster changing the landscape than the vegetation natural response.…”

Section: Pasture Shifting Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Global factors cannot be mitigated locally but improved management practices that aid local conservation and development in this high mountain ecosystem are required (Garrard et al 2016). At lower altitudes within large ranges, a shift from traditional practices to a more diversified blend of agropastoralism, tourism services, and cash-crop production may become adaptive for local economies (Konchar et al 2015).…”

Section: Tourism and Sport Pressuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

The High Mountain Conservation in a Changing World

Catalan

Ninot

Aniz³

2017

Advances in Global Change Research

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The high mountains have retained a noticeable degree of wilderness even in the most populated regions of the planet. This is the reason why many nature reserves have been established in these landscapes. Currently, climate change and long-range transport of contaminants are affecting those protected areas, and thus conservation priorities may be challenged by these new pressures. In fact, many high mountains hold a legacy of on-site past human activities (e.g., pasturing, forestry, mining), which in some areas may partially persist, even increase, whereas in others are substituted by new uses (e.g., tourism, mountain sport). Therefore, high mountain nature reserves face a challenging future. The conservation goals have to be revised. Former alternative paradigms respectively based on the preservation of wilderness or a traditional cultural landscape will be insufficient. Indeed, global change provides new goals for the high mountain conservation areas as suitable places where to study the nature's response in the absence of, or combined with, other local pressures. Different branches of sciences may contribute to inform about the changes; however, conservation is ultimately a societal endeavour and thus their goals must be linked to the social demand for a fair society in a sustainable planet. As an added-value to this task, the high mountains hold a large amount of symbolism.

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“…Construction of airstrip in Lukla, hospital in Lukla, Khumjung School, hydro-electricity project and facilities of communication (cell phone) etc. are important infrastructures which directly supported to the growth of tourism in Khumbu (Garrard et al, 2012;Garrard et al, 2016). Dig Cho GLOF in Dudhkosi River, ten years conflict from 1995-2005 in the country and destructive massive earthquake of April, 2015 are some of the events which resulted the decline in tourist visiting the area.…”

Section: Development Of Tourism In Everest Regionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tourism development and economic and socio-cultural consequences in Everest Region

Bahadur

2017

Geog. J. Nepal

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Being a mountainous country, Nepal is one of the destinations of tourist. Everest Region is one of the major destination trekking and mountaineering tourism and ranks second after Annapurna Region in term of number of tourists visiting different regions of Nepal. The number of tourist visiting this region increased from only 1406 in 1971/72 to 37124 in 2014. Such a growth of tourism has several socio-economic and cultural consequences. This paper discusses the consequences of tourism in Everest Region. Informations were collected along the trekking routes from Lukla to Dinboche through focus group discussion, key informant interview and tourism business survey. The results indicate that the number of hotels and lodges in many settlements along the trekking route has increased tremendously. The main base of economic life of Sherpa community has been changed from agro-pastoralism to tourism based business. The level of employment and income of local people has improved. However, tourism has undermined Sherpa culture by introducing new values and lifestyles influencing from westerners, eroded the central role of religion and traditional value in Sherpa community. For the younger generation the tourist and their norms of behavior and patterns of consumption can be seductive. This is the symptom of losing of cultural value of Sherpa community and world identity of Sherpa in the future.

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Land Use and Land Cover Change in Sagarmatha National Park, a World Heritage Site in the Himalayas of Eastern Nepal

Abstract: BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses.

Cited by 49 publications

References 20 publications

Effects of ecotourism on forest loss in the Himalayan biodiversity hotspot based on counterfactual analyses

Effects of ecotourism on forest loss in the Himalayan biodiversity hotspot based on counterfactual analyses

The High Mountain Conservation in a Changing World

Tourism development and economic and socio-cultural consequences in Everest Region

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