Land use and energy

Abstract

/d 23 2.10 Projected Oil Shale Developments 24 2.11 Recoverable U.S. Reserves and Resources of Natural Gas and Natural Gas Liquids 27 2.12 Domestic Natural Gas Production and Estimated Land Use under Alternative Production Scenarios 28 2.13 Estimated Land Requirements for Three Uranium Mining Methods. ... 31 2.14 Estimated Land Required in 1990 for Projected U3O3 Extraction ... 32 2.15 Land Requirements for 110-MW Generation Units at Geothermal Facilities 34 2.16 Projections of Electricity Generating Capacity from Geothermal Resources in the United States, 1985-2000 35 2.17 Calculation of Land Potentially Devoted to Geothermal Energy Production 36 2.18 Amounts of Cropland with Potential for Conversion to Pasture, Range, Forest, and Other Land, by State and Region, 1977 38 2.19 Cropland Requirements for Ethanol Production in the 17-State Region, 1980-2000 43 2.20 Potential Wood Feedstock Resources, by USDA Farm Production Regions, for 1976-1990 45 2.21 Land Required for the Conversion of Alternative Feedstocks to Alcohol 46 3.

Sedimentary basin geothermal favourability mapping and power generation assessments

“…Land area is impacted by the footprint + spacing requirements of the electricity supply infrastructure. (Robeck et al, 1980;Pimentel et al, 1994;Gagnon et al, 2002;Idaho National Laboratory, 2006;Denholm et al, 2009;McDonald et al, 2009;Fthenakis and Kim, 2009;Ong et al, 2012;Ong et al, 2013;Trainor et al, 2016;Cheng and Hammond, 2017;Jordaan et al, 2017; International Renewable Energy Agency, 2017). Literature is deemed relevant when LAI factors are quantified using a footprint + spacing method.…”

“…The source data includes 32 solar farms with a rated capacity greater than 20 MW and 161 wind farms (Ong et al, 2013), 70 geothermal plants (Ong et al, 2012) and 47 hydropower reservoirs (United States Geological Survey, 2014). Energy and capacity LAI factors of coal are based on Fthenakis and Kim (2009) and Robeck et al (1980), who compile data from several studies by the United States Department of Energy, and coal mine permitting and reclamation data. These energy LAI factors of coal are based exclusively on surface mining averages of several U.S. states.…”

“…Coal (generator technology): Included components are powerhouse, fuel-handling system, air-and water-pollution control systems, cooling systems, stacks, and administration and laboratory buildings (Robeck et al, 1980). LAI factors are based on several power plants across the United States and were cross-checked with satellite images of the Genesee Generating Station in Alberta.…”

Potential Consequences of the Clean Coal Program for Air and Waste Issues

“…Landf ill requirement estimates are based on 8.5 hectares/teragram for ash and 17 hectares/teragram for FGD sludge. 23 because they are not required to remove SO 2 from flue gas to comply with the NSPS of the Clean Air Act. Eventual replacement or repowering of these old facilities will require compliance with the NSPS, which could increase the use of conventional FGD units thereby increasing the amount of FGD sludge.…”

“…Even the CAFB, which produces more solid waste than the no-action alternative, would require less land area for disposal because the waste would not be in the form of a sludge. 23 The NSPS-capable retrofit technologies would have landuse effects ranging from substantially negative for the advanced slagging combustor (17% increase in solid waste) to very positive for the copper oxide process (22% decrease in solid waste, which could reduce the area needed for landfills in the U.S. by several hundred hectares per year). All except the copper oxide process use lime or limestone to remove the SO 2 .…”