Lactate Metabolism and Satellite Cell Fate

Abstract

Lactate is one of the metabolic products of glycolysis. It is widely accepted as an important energy source for many cell types and more recently has been proposed to actively participate in cell-cell communication. Satellite cells (SCs), which are adult skeletal muscle stem cells, are the main players of the skeletal muscle regeneration process. Recent studies have proposed a metabolic switch to increase glycolysis in activated SCs. Moreover, lactate has been shown to affect SCs and myoblasts in vivo and in vitro. In this short review, we describe how metabolic variations relate with SC fate (quiescence, activation, proliferation, migration, differentiation, fusion, and self-renewal), as well as discuss possible relationships between lactate as a metabolite and as a signaling molecule affecting SC fate.

Skeletal muscle and metabolic flexibility in response to changing energy demands in wild birds

“…Other circulating factors that may activate proliferation of SC in non-injury states into myofibers include growth hormone, follistatin (a myostatin antagonist), and IGF-1, among others (Forcina et al, 2019;Murach et al, 2021). Additionally, increases in lactate concentrations may act as a signaling molecule for increased proliferation of SCs (Nalbandian et al, 2020), and others have suggested that glycolytic enzymes are necessary for optimal muscle growth, at least in Drosophila models (Graca et al, 2021). However, it is unclear how regulation to either add new nuclei or upregulate existing myonuclear activity is accomplished within muscle fibers (Cramer et al, 2020).…”

NRF2 Regulates Viability, Proliferation, Resistance to Oxidative Stress, and Differentiation of Murine Myoblasts and Muscle Satellite Cells

“…This metabolic adaptation may influence various aspects of the fate of mSCs (quiescence, activation, proliferation, migration, differentiation, fusion, and self-renewal). Furthermore, lactate, one of the metabolic products of glycolysis, may also regulate myogenic differentiation through different mechanisms (reviewed in [ 59 ]). The NRF2 pathway is known to play a role in activating and maintaining the HIF-1 response and we have previously demonstrated crosstalk between these factors in endothelial cells [ 60 ].…”

Electroacupuncture regulates inflammation, collagen deposition and macrophage function in skeletal muscle through the TGF‑β1/Smad3/p38/ERK1/2 pathway

“…According to its substrates, MMPs can be divided into the following four categories: Collagenase (MMP-1, -8, -13 and -18), gelatinase (MMP-2 and -9), interstitial lysin (MMP-3, -7, -10, -11 and -12), and membrane metalloproteinase (MMP-14, -15, -16 and -17) ( 34 ). A number of studies have shown that MMP-2 in skeletal muscle satellite cell migration and differentiation both in cultured muscle cells in vitro and in animal models in vivo ( 35 , 36 ), promoting tissue regeneration further ( 37 ). In addition, numerous studies have indicated that MMP-2 and MMP-7 serve an important role in myotube formation, such that they can regulate the degeneration and regeneration of muscle fibers in dystrophic muscle ( 37 , 38 ).…”

“…A number of studies have shown that MMP-2 in skeletal muscle satellite cell migration and differentiation both in cultured muscle cells in vitro and in animal models in vivo ( 35 , 36 ), promoting tissue regeneration further ( 37 ). In addition, numerous studies have indicated that MMP-2 and MMP-7 serve an important role in myotube formation, such that they can regulate the degeneration and regeneration of muscle fibers in dystrophic muscle ( 37 , 38 ). Studies have also shown that MMP-2 participates in the migration of muscle-specific stem cells and myoblasts ( 39 ), where the elimination of MMP-2 from the skeletal muscle of Mdx-mice led to reduced angiogenesis and impaired muscle regeneration ( 40 ).…”