Lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus: an ideal persistent virus?

Plagemann, Peter G.W.; Rowland, Raymond R. R.; Even, Chen; Faaberg, Kay S.

doi:10.1007/bf00196164

Cited by 67 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 72 publications

(213 reference statements)

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“…virus (48,53,76), has been reported to be the most heterogeneous PRRSV structural protein, and is disulfide linked at an invariant cysteine (located at LV aa 50) to an invariant cysteine of the M protein (aa 8) (11,55). The hypervariable region observed among type 2 PRRSV field isolates includes the signal peptide sequence and the distal portion of the ectodomain, and the variation observed in this region tends to affect the number of potential N glycosylation sites (Fig.…”

Section: Amino Acid Alterations In Europrrsv Nsp1␤ and Nsp2mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of Emerging European-Like Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Isolates in the United States

Ropp

Wees

Fāng

et al. 2004

J Virol

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164

124

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European-like field isolates of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) have recently emerged in North America. The full-length genomic sequence of an index isolate characterized in 1999, strain EuroPRRSV, served as the reference strain for further studies of the evolution and epidemiology of Europeanlike isolates (type 1) in the United States. Strain EuroPRRSV shared 90.1 to 100% amino acid identity with the prototype European strain, Lelystad, within the structural and nonstructural open reading frames (ORFs) and 95.3% overall nucleotide identity. The 5 untranslated region and two nonstructural regions within ORF 1 were closely examined due to significant divergence from strain Lelystad. A 51-bp deletion in a region within ORF 1a, coding for nonstructural protein 2 (NSP2), was observed. Sequence analysis of the structural ORFs 2 to 7 of additional European-like isolates indicated that these isolates share 93% nucleotide identity with one another and 95 to 96% identity with the Lelystad strain but only 70% identity with the North American reference strain VR-2332. Phylogenetic analysis with published PRRSV ORF 3, 5, and 7 nucleotide sequences indicated that these newly emerging isolates form a clade with the Lelystad and United Kingdom PRRSV isolates. Detailed analysis of four of these isolates with a panel of 60 monoclonal antibodies directed against the structural proteins confirmed a recognition pattern that was more consistent with strain Lelystad than with other North American isolates.

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Section: Amino Acid Alterations In Europrrsv Nsp1␤ and Nsp2mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other members of the arterivirus family include lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus of mice, equine arteritis virus (EAV), and simian hemorrhagic fever virus (55). Each of these viruses replicates preferentially in macrophages and establishes a persistent infection in its natural host (54).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Emerging European-Like Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Isolates in the United States

Ropp

Wees

Fāng

et al. 2004

J Virol

Self Cite

164

124

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“…Thus, we infected fetuses in utero at 50 DG and monitored the immune response using a PRRS-specific ELISA 56). An anti-PRRS virus response is only weakly detectable by day 95, but such fetuses show a Ͼ2-fold elevation of IgG, Ͼ10-fold increase in IgA, and Ͼ5-fold increase in IgM compared with normal piglets of nearly the same age (data not shown).…”

Section: Virally Infected Fetuses Have Ig Levels and Profiles That DImentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibody Repertoire Development in Fetal And Neonatal Piglets. IV. Switch Recombination, Primarily in Fetal Thymus, Occurs Independent of Environmental Antigen and Is Only Weakly Associated with Repertoire Diversification

Butler

Sun

Weber

et al. 2001

The Journal of Immunology

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The epitheliochorial placenta of swine is considered a barrier to Ag and selective transport of IgG, so this species should be an excellent model with which to determine whether switch recombination is Ag dependent. Analysis of Ig levels and Ig isotype profiles in >150 normal and virus-infected fetuses from 38–110 days of gestation (DG) suggested that IgG, IgA, and IgM were most likely the result of de novo fetal synthesis. Although transcripts for IgM could be recovered at DG 50 (114 DG is full gestation) in all major fetal lymphoid tissues, those for IgG and IgA first became prominent at 60 DG in thymus, and transcription and spontaneous secretion became especially pronounced in this organ in older fetuses. Data on transcription, secretion, and serum isotype profiles suggest that although all fetal IgA and IgM may result from de novo synthesis, some IgG may result from low-level selective transport. The complementarity-determining region 3 spectratypes of thymic IgA and IgG transcripts at 70 and 90 days, respectively, were as polyclonal as that of IgM, indicating a broad repertoire of switched B cells although the VDJs transcribed with these switched isotypes in normal fetuses were not diversified in comparison to those from animals exposed to environmental Ags such as age-matched, virus-infected fetuses, colonized isolator piglets, and conventional adults. However, VDJs expressed with switched isotypes were more diversified than those expressed with IgM. Thus, switch recombination in fetal life does not appear to be driven by environmental Ag and is only weakly coupled to VDJ diversification. These findings, and the fact that the oligoclonal IgA and IgM repertoires in a noninductive site of the mucosal immune system (parotid gland) become polyclonal in piglets reared germfree, suggest that initial expansion of the switched cells in the B cell compartment of fetal and neonatal piglets is not driven by environmental Ag.

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“…Arteriviruses are enveloped viruses 40 to 60 nm in diameter with a genome 13 to 15 kilobases (kb) in size (Plagemann, 1996). Genomic replication and expression involves the reproduction of full-length genomic RN A and the transcription of a set of 6 to 9 smaller subgenomic mRNAs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to PRRS virus, the genus Arterivirus includes lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV) of mice, equine arteritis virus (EA V), and simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV) (Plagemann and Moennig, 1992). Arteriviruses typically establish asymptomatic, persistent infections in their respective host species (Plagemann, 1996). LDV establishes a lifelong, asymptomatic infection in susceptible species of mice, i.e., Mus musculus and Mus caroli (Rowson, 1980), through the continuous production of permissive macrophages and the escape of LDV from host defense mechanisms (van den Broek et al, 1998;Stueckemann 1982).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the carrier state in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection

Horter

Pogranichniy

Chang

et al. 2002

Veterinary Microbiology

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Lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus: an ideal persistent virus?

Cited by 67 publications

References 72 publications

Characterization of Emerging European-Like Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Isolates in the United States

Characterization of Emerging European-Like Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Isolates in the United States

Antibody Repertoire Development in Fetal And Neonatal Piglets. IV. Switch Recombination, Primarily in Fetal Thymus, Occurs Independent of Environmental Antigen and Is Only Weakly Associated with Repertoire Diversification

Characterization of the carrier state in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection

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