Characterization of the carrier state in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection

Horter, D.; Pogranichniy, Roman M.; Chang, Chih‐Cheng; Evans, Richard B.; Yoon, Kyoung‐Jin; Zimmerman, Jeffrey J.

doi:10.1016/s0378-1135(02)00013-5

Cited by 85 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Other investigators have demonstrated that a high proportion (90%) of inoculated pigs remain infected with virus through day 105 p.i. at least (6). The results of the present study also corroborate earlier work in which PRRSV was isolated from oropharyngeal scrapings collected from three out of four pigs on day 84 p.i., but the virus was isolated from, at most, one out of four samples collected on days 98, 115, 128, 143, and 157 p.i.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

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Duration of Infection and Proportion of Pigs Persistently Infected with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

et al. 2003

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Understanding the dynamics of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) persistence in individual pigs is essential to the development of successful control programs. The objectives of this study were to investigate the proportion of inoculated pigs that become persistently infected with PRRSV and the duration of their infection. Additionally, different diagnostic techniques that detect persistent infections were compared. Twenty-eight 35-day-old pigs were inoculated with PRRSV. Serum and tonsil biopsy samples were collected on days 0, 7, 14, and 28 and then approximately monthly thereafter until day 251 postinoculation (p.i.). Tonsil, lymph node, and lung samples were collected following euthanasia on day 251 p.i. Virus was isolated from serum and tonsil biopsy samples that had been collected through days 28 and 56 p.i., respectively.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Recent research (6) has indicated that the diagnostic sensitivity of RT-PCR analysis of oropharyngeal scrapings is greater than that of tonsil homogenates, which were used in the present study. Consequently, some variation between reports in the proportions of pigs and the lengths of time that they harbor PRRSV is to be expected.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Duration of Infection and Proportion of Pigs Persistently Infected with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

et al. 2003

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“…A hallmark of PRRSV infection is the persistence of infectious virus and viral antigens in lymphoid tissues, particularly the tonsil, for 150 or more days (5,7,11,17,30,56,63). Nevertheless, the cell-mediated immune response to PRRSV declines over time (67).…”

Section: Vol 82 2008 B-cell Response To Prrsv 365mentioning

confidence: 99%

Antigen-Specific B-Cell Responses to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection

Mulupuri

Zimmerman

Hermann

et al. 2008

J Virol

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Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes an acute, viremic infection of 4 to 6 weeks, followed by a persistent infection lasting for several months. We characterized antibody and B-cell responses to viral proteins in acute and persistent infection to better understand the immunological basis of the prolonged infection. The humoral immune response to PRRSV was robust overall and varied among individual viral proteins, with the important exception of a delayed and relatively weak response to envelope glycoprotein 5 (GP5). Memory B cells were in secondary lymphoid organs, not in bone marrow or Peyer's patches, in contrast to the case for many mammalian species. Potent anti-PRRSV memory responses were elicited to recall antigen in vitro, even though a second infection did not increase the B-cell response in vivo, suggesting that productive reinfection does not occur in vivo. Antibody titers to several viral proteins decline over time, even though abundant antigen is known to be present in lymphoid tissues, possibly indicating ineffective antigen presentation. The appearance of antibodies to GP5 is delayed relative to the resolution of viremia, suggesting that anti-GP5 antibodies are not crucial for resolving viremia. Lastly, viral infection had no immunosuppressive effect on the humoral response to a second, unrelated antigen. Taking these data together, the active effector and memory B-cell responses to PRRSV are robust, and over time the humoral immune response to PRRSV is effective. However, the delayed response against GP5 early in infection may contribute to the prolonged acute infection and the establishment of persistence.

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“…Pathogen-specific diagnostics and vaccination programmes are limited to the most frequently occurring pathogens; furthermore, the detection of clinically healthy carrier animals is difficult due to the low number and poor diagnostic accessibility of colonizing pathogens [7,23]. Therefore, these programmes only partly improve the situation by primarily protecting from clinical disease outbreaks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glycoprotein analysis of porcine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid reveals potential biomarkers corresponding to resistance toActinobacillus pleuropneumoniaeinfection

D¹,

Buettner²,

Naim³

et al. 2009

Vet. Res.

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-Biomarkers facilitating both pathogen-independent diagnosis of respiratory health and breeding selection of pigs with increased resistance to respiratory tract infections would be of considerable interest to the pig industry. Following this concept we performed a comparative glycoproteome analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from healthy pigs and pigs 4 days (acute) and 20 days (chronic) after an experimental infection with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. In order to identify possible differences in BALF glycoprotein patterns we investigated pigs of three different breeding lines (German Landrace, Piétrain, Hampshire). In total, 12 glycosylated proteins (alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, fetuin A, properdin, haptoglobin precursor, haptoglobin, hemoglobin, hyaluronidase, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor family heavy chain-related protein, alpha-1-antichymotrypsin 3, pulmonary surfactant-associated protein D (SP-D), transferrin, and alpha-1B-glycoprotein) were identified as being differentially expressed depending on the health status of the animal. Fetuin A levels were consistently low in chronically infected pigs thereby being a potential marker for chronic infection. Hyaluronidase levels were consistently high in all pigs after experimental infection independent on isolation of the pathogen thereby being a potential marker for previous pathogen contact and latent infection. High levels of fetuin A as well as low levels of haptoglobin and pulmonary SP-D correlated with the absence of lung lesions in pigs of the Hampshire breeding line, implying a potential application as selection markers for breeding programmes.porcine respiratory disease / glycoprotein analysis / bronchoalveolar lavage fluid / biomarker

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Characterization of the carrier state in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection

Cited by 85 publications

References 32 publications

Duration of Infection and Proportion of Pigs Persistently Infected with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

Duration of Infection and Proportion of Pigs Persistently Infected with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

Antigen-Specific B-Cell Responses to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection

Glycoprotein analysis of porcine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid reveals potential biomarkers corresponding to resistance toActinobacillus pleuropneumoniaeinfection

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