Lack of reinforcement enhancing effects of nicotine in non-dependent smokers

Perkins, Kenneth A.; Grottenthaler, Amy; Wilson, Annette

doi:10.1007/s00213-009-1574-8

Cited by 22 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…These effects are consistent with data from studies measuring intracranial self-stimulation that show nicotine increases sensitivity of the neural pathways mediating reward ( Bauco & Wise, 1994 ;Huston-Lyons & Kornetsky, 1992 ;Kenny & Markou, 2006 ). Although early tests of the reinforcement -enhancing effect with humans have been equivocal ( Barr, Pizzagalli, Culhane, Goff, & Evins, 2008 ;Perkins, Grottenthaler, & Wilson, 2009 ), the dual reinforcement model has the potential to explain the apparent paradox between high rates of nicotine dependence despite its mild primary reinforcing properties.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Precipitated Withdrawal From Nicotine Reduces Reinforcing Effects of a Visual Stimulus for Rats

Weaver

Sweitzer

Coddington

et al. 2012

Nicotine & Tobacco Research

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Introduction: Research has identifi ed at least two positive reinforcement-related effects of nicotine: (a) primary reinforcement and (b) enhancement of reinforcement from concurrently available stimuli. Prior examples of the reinforcement-enhancing effects with rats showed that repeated, intermittent nicotine exposure increased responding for non-nicotine reinforcers, and this effect remained robust over several weeks. However, the effects of continuous nicotine exposure on responding for a non-nicotine reinforcer are unknown, as are the effects of abruptly withdrawing continuous nicotine on behavior maintained by the same reinforcer.Methods: Lever pressing for a visual reinforcer under a fi xed ratio schedule was assessed while rats were maintained on a chronic, continuous infusion of nicotine (3.16 mg/kg/day; osmotic minipump). The effects of precipitated withdrawal on responding, following 16 days of continuous nicotine exposure, were assessed by pre-session subcutaneous injections of mecamylamine (1.0 mg/kg).Results: Continuous nicotine initially increased active responding for the visual reinforcer; however, continued exposure resulted in an attenuation of this effect. Precipitated withdrawal from nicotine resulted in a signifi cant decline in active responding. Conclusions:The initial increase in responding for the visual reinforcer with chronic nicotine exposure is consistent with prior research showing that intermittent exposure to nicotine acts as a reinforcement enhancer. However, the attenuation of this enhancement following prolonged nicotine exposure is in contrast with the persistent effects previously reported. Finally, the decrease in visual reinforcers below control levels (nicotinenaive animals) following nicotine withdrawal highlights a potential for affective withdrawal, which may serve as a motive for continued nicotine use.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Precipitated Withdrawal From Nicotine Reduces Reinforcing Effects of a Visual Stimulus for Rats

Weaver

Sweitzer

Coddington

et al. 2012

Nicotine & Tobacco Research

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“…Exclusion criteria included: pregnancy, lactation, chronic medical condition, current diagnosis or history of bipolar disorder, schizophrenia or substance abuse (other than nicotine) (27, 51, 60, 67), current or recent use of smoking cessation medications, antidepressant or antipsychotic medications. The exclusion criteria were assessed via self-report on the telephone screen with an objective assessment of smoking status, medication and drug use, and pregnancy at the intake visit.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reward and Affective Regulation in Depression-Prone Smokers

Audrain-McGovern

Wileyto

Ashare

et al. 2014

Biological Psychiatry

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Background There is a disproportionately high smoking prevalence among individuals who are prone to depression. While depression has been conceptualized as a disorder of dysregulated positive affect and disrupted reward processing, little research has been conducted to determine the role of smoking in these processes among depression-prone smokers. Methods Depression-prone smokers (DP+; n = 34) and smokers not depression-prone (DP-; n=49) underwent two laboratory sessions, once while smoking abstinent and once while smoking ad-libitum, to assess the relative reinforcing value of smoking and reward sensitivity. Using experience sampling methods, participants completed self-report measures of subjective reward, positive affect, and negative affect across three days while smoking as usual and three days while smoking abstinent. Results DP+ were two times more likely to work for cigarette puffs versus money in a progressive ratio, choice task (OR 2.05; CI 95% 1.04 to 4.06, p=0.039) compared to DP-. Reward sensitivity as measured by the signal detection task did not yield any significant findings. Mixed models regressions revealed a 3-way interaction (depression group, smoking phase, and time) for subjective reward, negative affect and positive affect. For all three of these outcomes, the slopes for DP- and DP+ differed significantly from each other (p's < 0.05), and the effect of smoking (vs. abstinence) over time was greater for DP+ than DP- smokers (p's <0.05). Conclusions These findings indicate that the effects of smoking on reward and positive affect regulation are specific to DP+ smokers and highlight novel targets for smoking cessation treatment in this population.

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“…When a reinforcer was earned, an apple symbol briefly appeared as feedback, and the music played immediately for 30 s. Upon earning a reinforcer, subjects could continue responding on the AP task without interruption, to extend the time of music. They were free to stop responding at any point and read available magazines while waiting for the end of the 15-min task period (see Perkins et al, 2009).…”

Section: Reinforcement Taskmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Support in humans for this reinforcement enhancing effect of nicotine is suggestive but perhaps specific to reward type, dependence level, measure of reinforcement, or other procedural factors (e.g. Attwood, Penton-Voak, & Munafo, 2009;Barr, Pizzagalli, Culhane, Goff, & Evins, 2008;Dawkins, Powell, West, Powell, & Pickering, 2006;McGrath, Barrett, Stewart, & Schmid, 2012;Perkins, Grottenthaler, & Wilson, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%