Lack of evidence for metabolism of p-phenylenediamine by human hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes

Stanley, Lesley A.; Skare, Julie A.; Doyle, E.; Powrie, Robert H.; D'Angelo, Diane; Elcombe, Clifford R.

doi:10.1016/j.tox.2005.01.019

Cited by 55 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Our study supports the conclusion of Takkouche et al [11] in that we observed no significant positive associations for hair dye exposure and bladder cancer. Furthermore, these epidemiologic findings are consistent with recent toxicological studies that suggest that Para-phenylenediamine, is metabolized to a less-toxic form in vivo [1,5,25].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Paraphenylenediamine (PPD), an important ingredient in hair dyes, is one of the highest volume usage dyes in permanent hair dye formulations sold in Europe, the United States (US), and East Asia, with PPD being used in more than 1,000 hair dye formulations marketed in the US [1]. Because of the widespread and increasing use of personal hair dyes, any health risk associated with hair dye use could have a significant public health impact.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The formation of an N-hydroxyarylamine is believed to be a critical step that converts some parent arylamines to a proximate carcinogenic metabolite that ultimately leads to the development of bladder cancer [1]. Several recent studies indicate that PPD found in hair dyes is converted to non-carcinogenic N-acetylated metabolites rather than the carcinogenic hydroxylated precarcinogens [1,5]. However, it has also been suggested that polymorphisms with lower activity (''slow acetylators'') could result in a higher genotoxic potential for PPD and susceptibility for bladder cancer [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Personal use of hair dyes and risk of bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of epidemiologic data

Kelsh

Alexander

Kalmes

et al. 2008

Cancer Causes Control

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Personal use of hair dyes and risk of bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of epidemiologic data

Kelsh

Alexander

Kalmes

et al. 2008

Cancer Causes Control

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“…After oral or dermal absorption, diamines such as p-PDA are mainly excreted in urine as their mono-and diacetylated conjugates (Meyer et al 2009;Stanley et al 2005), so that hydrolysis of urine samples is necessary for the quantification of these diamines. Hueber-Becker et al reported that a only a percentage of 0.50 ± 0.24% of the applied dose of a 14 C-p-PDA-containing hair dye is excreted in urine after application (Hueber-Becker et al 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Internal exposure of hairdressers to permanent hair dyes: a biomonitoring study using urinary aromatic diamines as biomarkers of exposure

Gube

Heinrich

Dewes

et al. 2010

Int Arch Occup Environ Health

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The internal exposure to aromatic diamines in hairdressers using permanent hair dyes can be determined using biological monitoring. The extent of exposure is low compared to subjects after personal application of hair dyes, who excreted more than 200 times higher amounts of aromatic diamines. This slight work-related exposure might be reduced by the strict adherence to the use of suitable gloves as well as long-sleeved clothing.

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“…[38] [39] Another toxin, paraphenylenediamine (PPD) has been described as a hair dye since the end of 19 th century. Up till now, it is reported to be used in more than 1000 oxidative hair-dyes in the USA [40] [41]. PPD is also used in the photographic or rubber industries.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Kidney Injury with Rhabdomyolysis: 25 Years Experience from a Tertiary Care Center

Naqvi¹,

Akhtar²,

Ahmed³

et al. 2015

OJNeph

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Objective: To describe patients presenting with acute kidney injury after rhabdomyolysis at a tertiary renal care center in Pakistan. Patients and Methods: An observational cohort of patients identified as having acute kidney injury (AKI) with rhabdomyolysis, which was diagnosed by rise in creatinine phosphokinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) more than 4 times the reference range whereas AKI was defined according to RIFLE criteria. On ultrasonography, all patients had normal size non obstructed kidneys, and no other co morbid. Results: Between January1990 to December 2014, 334 patients with rhabdomyolysis and AKI registered to this hospital. Mean age was 28.22 ± 11.22 years with M:F ratio of 3.33:1. Mean values of CK and LDH were 597,749.790 ± 180,461.360 and 4077.026 ± 5050.704 U/L with reference range of 26 -174 U/L and 91 -180 U/L respectively. We divided the study population into 4 groups over timeline. Rhabdomyolysis etiology was divided in 3 groups; 1) traumatic, 2) non-traumatic exertional, and 3) non-traumatic non-exertional. In the last group, which spans from 2010-2014, we treated many cases with toxic rhabdomyolysis and main toxin was paraphenylenediamine (PPD). The other causes showed more or less same prevalence over two and a half decade, except non-traymatic exertional which has decreased during last 5 years without any explainable cause. Renal replacement therapy (RRT) was required on arrival in 94% cases. Complete renal recovery was observed in 70%, while 15.86% died and 10% were lost during recovery phase. A small number 2.69% left against medical advice during acute phase of illness and 0.8% developed chronic kidney disease (CKD). Conclusion: The common clinical conditions found associated with rhabdomyolysis and AKI includes trauma, immobilization, sepsis, overexertion, and drugs and toxins. In recent years, we have seen many young patients with PPD poisoning; we have found good renal recovery in patients who survived initial 2 -3 weeks.

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Lack of evidence for metabolism of p-phenylenediamine by human hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes

Cited by 55 publications

References 18 publications

Personal use of hair dyes and risk of bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of epidemiologic data

Personal use of hair dyes and risk of bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of epidemiologic data

Internal exposure of hairdressers to permanent hair dyes: a biomonitoring study using urinary aromatic diamines as biomarkers of exposure

Acute Kidney Injury with Rhabdomyolysis: 25 Years Experience from a Tertiary Care Center

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