Laboratory Investigation Of Three Outbreaks Of Foot-And-Mouth Disease At Central Sudan And The Disease Type Situation.

Raouf, YA; Ali, BH; Amin, Mai; shallalie, AM Al

doi:10.4314/bahpa.v58i4.64225

Cited by 7 publications

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“…The Sudanese viral materials were adapted (through 16–22 passages) to grow into BHK cells, typed and retyped several times using reference ELISAs (Pirbright and IZSLER) and designated according to their serotype, geographical origin within Sudan, year and order of isolation from that origin. Four isolates were used in this work; two of serotype SAT2 isolated from Khartoum in 2008 (SAT2-Kh 1/08) ( Raouf, Ali, El Amin, & Al Shallali, 2010 ), and from North Kordofan in 2010 (SAT2-NK 1/010); one of serotype A isolated from Khartoum in 2011 (A-Kh 2/011) ( Raouf et al., 2016 ); and one of serotype O isolated from Khartoum in 2015 (O-Kh 1/015). Virus stocks were prepared, pre-titrated and used at 100 TCID 50 per 50 µl.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Historically four serotypes of FMDV had been reported in the country: O, A, SAT1 and SAT2 ( Abu Elzein, 1983 ). Currently, the maintained activity of three serotypes; O, A, and SAT2 has been repeatedly confirmed by disease and serological surveillances ( Habiela et al., 2010a ; 2010b ; Raouf, Ali, Khair, & Amin, 2009 ; Raouf, Ali, El Amin, & Al Shallali, 2010 ; Raouf et al., 2016 ; http://www.wrlfmd.org/ ). Clinical FMD in Sudan is seen in cattle only, while domestic small ruminants undergo largely silent infection ( Habiela, Raouf, & Nur Eldin, 2009 ; Habiela et al., 2010a ; Raouf, Ali, El Amin, & Al Shallali, 2010 ; Raouf, Tamador, Nahid, & Shaza, 2012 ; Raouf et al., 2017 ; http://www.wrlfmd.org/ ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Serological detection and genetic characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus from cattle in northern sudan, 2016‑2018

Ahmed

Osman

Alfouz

et al. 2021

Veterinary and Animal Science

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Highlights Clinical FMD was confirmed as serotype O of an unnamed lineage within the topotype East Africa 3 (EA3). Unlike Western, Eastern, Central and Southern Sudan, no predominance of serotype O antibodies was detected in Northern Sudan. Sero-prevalence estimates of serotype-specific antibodies ranged between 15.4% (serotype A) in the River Nile State to 3.4% (serotype SAT2) in the Northern State.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Serological detection and genetic characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus from cattle in northern sudan, 2016‑2018

Ahmed

Osman

Alfouz

et al. 2021

Veterinary and Animal Science

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“…They were designated according to their serotype, geographical origin within Sudan, year of isolation and order of isolation from that origin. Two SAT2 isolates were used, one was isolated from Khartoum in 2008 (SAT2-Kh 1/08), not genotyped at the WRL for FMD yet, however, topotype X111 of SAT2 serotype was circulating in Sudan in 2008 (http://www.wrlfmd.org; Raouf et al 2010). The other SAT2 isolate was isolated from North Kordfan State in 2010 (SAT2-NK 1/010) of genotype V11 and with the identity of SUD/4/2010 at the WRL for FMD (http://www.wrlfmd.org).…”

Section: Cells Media and Fmd Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To perform the VNT, viruses were grown in BHK-21 cells (clone 13, ŞAP Institute, Turkey), clari ed by centrifugation at 2000 rpm for 10 minutes, distributed in 2 ml aliquots and stored in liquid nitrogen vapor. Virus stocks were titrated in the microtitre system (Raouf et al 2010) using BHK-21 cells. Virus diluent was complete Glasgow minimum essential medium (GMEM) [GMEM containing 10% (V/V) tryptose phosphate broth, 0.0487% (W/V) NaHCO 3 and 10% (V/V) trisbuffer (0.05M)].…”

Section: Cells Media and Fmd Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Between 2005 and 2018, Serotype O, A and SAT2 were serotyped 51, 33 and 23 times respectively; 26, 25 and 15 times, in that order, were con rmed at the WRL for FMD. All samples, locally and abroad, were from cattle tissues (Raouf et al 2009;2010;Habiela et al 2010a;2010b; http://www.wrlfmd.org). Moreover, genotyping data (Habiela et al 2010b) suggested that, both, within-country circulation and long-distance animal movement across the international border are important mechanisms for maintenance of FMD infections in Sudan.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sero-epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease in Darfur area, Western Sudan

Alfouz

Raouf²,

Ahmed

et al. 2021

Vet Res Commun

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A total of 367 bovine sera positive to antibodies against non-structural proteins (NSPs) of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus were screened for serotype O, A and SAT2 antibodies using the virus neutralization test (VNT). Sera had been collected in 2016 from North (228) and South (139) Darfur States in Western Sudan, where high and low circulation of FMD virus, respectively, prevailed. Tested sera represented the positive-NSPs lot in a random sample of 669 sera collected from both States.According to standard statistical methods, calculations for serial testing (NSPs ELISA and VNT) were applied to estimate prevalence rates of serotype speci c antibodies in the two States. In each State, around 20% of NSPs positive sera failed typing. Prevalence's detected were 49%±5% (O), 27%±5% (A) and 14%±4% (SAT2) in North Darfur State and 27%±5% (O), 17%±4% (A) and 8.0%±3% (SAT2) in South Darfur State. In both States, prevalence rates were signi cantly higher for serotype O, followed by A then SAT2; the same order that was known in most parts of Sudan.Consistently, estimated prevalence's were statistically signi cantly higher (P < 0.05) in North Darfur than in South Darfur State. Apart from serotype SAT2, detected prevalence rates were lower or similar to those inside the country in previous occasions.Frequency and pattern of distribution of serotype O prevalence were consistent with its suggested pattern of circulation from the Nile valley to other parts in Sudan and signi cant within the country's circulation. Alternatively, serotype SAT2 prevalence and distribution in Darfur area were suggestive of sporadic occurrence. However, slightly higher prevalence rates of SAT2 antibodies in Darfur than in neighbouring Kordofan areas in 2013 re ected the wide dissemination of SAT2 (http://www.wrlfmd.org) in Sudan in early 2014. Risk of FMD in Darfur seemed to be associated with the movement of animals to the North in the wet season as part of the pastoral system, and with movement related to trade into urban centers more than with pastoralism across the Western borders. Generally, the result presented little evidence to suggest presence of FMD primary endemic foci in Darfur area.

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Diversity of SAT2 foot-and-mouth disease virus in Sudan: implication for diagnosis and control

A/Raouf¹,

Ibrahim²

2022

Vet Res Commun

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Like other East African countries, Sudan experienced circulation of several SAT2 topotypes. In Sudan, topotype XIII and VII of SAT2 virus were recorded. This work meant to evaluate the impact of such diversity on diagnosis and control. A Sudanese SAT2 foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) of topotype VII originated in 2010 showed poor antigenic relationship (r1 value ≈ 0.00) with Sudanese SAT2 FMDV from 2008 when topotype XIII was circulating. After one or three doses of a vaccine derived from SAT2 virus in 2010, heterologous antibody titres with SAT2 virus in 2008 were ≤ 1.2 log 10, not consistent with likely protection, while homologous titres were 1.65 (after one dose) or 1.95 and 2.55 log10 (after 3 doses). SAT2 positive eld sera from Sudan in 2016 were not unvaryingly identi ed by virus neutralization tests (VNT) employing SAT2 viruses from 2010 and 2008. Proportions of positive sera by SAT2 virus from 2010 were always higher than those by viruses from 2008; consistent with the more frequent and recent circulation of topotype VII prior to 2016. Proportions by SAT2 virus from 2010 were 0.68 (±0.1) in one location (n=72), 0.39 (±0.1) in another one (n=94) and 0.52 (±0.1) in the whole test group (n=166). Corresponding values by viruses of 2008 were 0.53 (±0.1), 0.27 (±0.1) and 0.38 (±0.1). In the whole test group, differences were statistically signi cant (p=.02339). Like post-vaccination sera, eld sera (natural immunity) showed no considerable cross neutralization between topotype VII and presumably XIII; almost 45% (43/96) of SAT2 positive eld sera were positive to one topotype but not to the other. Experimental and surveillance ndings emphasized the implication of SAT2 diversity in Sudan. It is concluded that it is di cult to control SAT2 infection in Sudan using a monovalent vaccine. Beside a prophylactic vaccine from topotype VII, stockpiling of antigens from topotype XIII and rapid genotyping and matching studies are necessary approaches. When more frequent circulation of more than one topotype occurs, retrospective diagnosis by serological surveys could be problematic or imprecise.

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Laboratory Investigation Of Three Outbreaks Of Foot-And-Mouth Disease At Central Sudan And The Disease Type Situation.

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Serological detection and genetic characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus from cattle in northern sudan, 2016‑2018

Serological detection and genetic characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus from cattle in northern sudan, 2016‑2018

Sero-epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease in Darfur area, Western Sudan

Diversity of SAT2 foot-and-mouth disease virus in Sudan: implication for diagnosis and control

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