Laboratory diagnosis of novel corona virus (2019-nCoV)-present and the future

Abstract

In December 2019 a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 emerged in the Hunan seafood market in Wuhan, China, and soon became a global health problem. Since its outbreak, SARS-CoV-2 has had a major impact on clinical diagnostic laboratories. The scientific community has quickly risen to the occasion and reports of new developments have arrived at an unprecedented scale. At present, there is a growing list of over 400 SARC-CoV-2 diagnostic tests either in development or approved for clinical use. This presentation reviews the current laboratory methods available for testing COVID- 19 in microbiology laboratories and also provides an insight into the future diagnostics approaches. Proper respiratory specimen collected at the appropriate time and from the right anatomical site is critical in the accurate and timely diagnosis of SARSCoV2. While oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal swabs are recommended for the detection of early infection, other lower respiratory tract specimens like the sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage are used for late detection and monitoring of patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Real-time RT-PCR based molecular assay remains the test of choice for the etiological diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 while serological tests are being introduced as supplementary tools. Finally, there is an urgent need for scaling up the diagnostic capacity by the introduction of reliable and accurate point-of-care tests which will assist in effective control of this outbreak. These assays can be used in the local hospitals and clinics bearing the burden of identifying and treating patients.

COVID‐19: A systematic review and update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment

“…The congenital COVID‐19 diagnostic methods are different in sensitivity, accuracy, specificity, and application. For instance, RT‐PCR is a method to detect viral nucleic acid, while serological tests are beneficial for surveillance 111 and vaccine studies 94 . Factors that play a vital role in preventing false negatives in COVID‐19 as well as other respiratory diseases include sampling method, sampling time based on symptom onset, and method of sample transmission to the laboratory 112 .…”

Diagnostik Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) dengan Pemeriksaan Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik

“…21 Penelitian Sidiq Z et al tahun 2020 pemeriksaan secara molekuler yang bisa lebih diandalkan dalam mendiagnosis COVID-19 yakni dengan real time RT-PCR. 22 Penelitian Alteri C et al tahun 2020 mendapatkan bahwa metode molecular dengan RT-PCR merupakan pemeriksaan yang paling dianjurkan untuk mendeteksi SARS-CoV-2. 23 Penelitian Zhou Y et al tahun 2020 pemeriksaan dengan RT-PCR masih dianggap merupakan standar baku deteksi virus secara molekuler.…”

“…27 Sejalan dengan itu penelitian Sidiq Z et al tahun 2020 bahwa metode ini memiliki keuntungan yaitu dapat menganalisis dan amplifikasi sampel dalam sistem yang tertutup secara bersamaan sehingga menurunkan angka positif palsu yang dapat timbul karena kontaminasi dari amplifikasi. 22 Penelitian Petrillo S et al tahun 2020 memaparkan bahwa pemeriksaan ini sering digunakan karena sensitivitas yang tinggi. 25 Di sisi lain, dalam beberapa literaturliteratur yang direview menyebutkan bahwa negatif palsu ataupun positif palsu pada pemeriksaan PCR dapat terjadi, dikarenakan oleh beberapa faktor, sejalan dengan penelitian Tahamtan A et al tahun 2020 mendapatkan bahwa pemeriksaan dengan metode PCR dapat menimbulkan hasil positif palsu dan negatif palsu.…”

To be a head and neck surgical trainee in the COVID-19 era. Residents’ perspectives after one year of residency 2.0

“…In addition, visiting patients using face masks, goggles and other inconvenient protective equipment forced us to spend more energy and effort in trying to conduct an appropriate examination: this could reflect in greater confidence when the situation will resume to normal. Since a nasopharyngeal swab remains the gold standard for specimen sampling and subsequent molecular analysis 3 , ENT trainees were involved in teaching this procedure to healthcare personnel, giving their knowledge of this anatomical location. We were often asked to explain critical anatomic landmarks and we gladly gave tips for a more sensitive and safe test.…”

“…Since a nasopharyngeal swab remains the gold standard for specimen sampling and subsequent molecular analysis 3 , ENT trainees were involved in teaching this procedure to healthcare personnel, giving their knowledge of this anatomical location. We were often asked to explain critical anatomic landmarks and we gladly gave tips for a more sensitive and safe test.…”