COVID‐19: A systematic review and update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment

Abstract

Since the rapid onset of the COVID‐19 or SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic in the world in 2019, extensive studies have been conducted to unveil the behavior and emission pattern of the virus in order to determine the best ways to diagnosis of virus and thereof formulate effective drugs or vaccines to combat the disease. The emergence of novel diagnostic and therapeutic techniques considering the multiplicity of reports from one side and contradictions in assessments from the other side necessitates instantaneous updates on the progress of clinical investigations. There is also growing public anxiety from time to time mutation of COVID‐19, as reflected in considerable mortality and transmission, respectively, from delta and Omicron variants. We comprehensively review and summarize different aspects of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID‐19. First, biological characteristics of COVID‐19 were explained from diagnosis standpoint. Thereafter, the preclinical animal models of COVID‐19 were discussed to frame the symptoms and clinical effects of COVID‐19 from patient to patient with treatment strategies and in‐silico/computational biology. Finally, the opportunities and challenges of nanoscience/nanotechnology in identification, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID‐19 were discussed. This review covers almost all SARS‐CoV‐2‐related topics extensively to deepen the understanding of the latest achievements (last updated on January 11, 2022).

Assessment of COVID-19 vaccination among healthcare workers in Iraq; adverse effects and hesitancy

“…As vaccination plays a vital role in developing herd immunity, COVID-19 vaccines have reduced the incidence of COVID-19 infections around the world [25,26]. Healthcare workers were the first people in Iraq to receive COVID-19 vaccines; professionals, including physicians, dentists, pharmacists, physician assistants, and nurses are thought to be directly affected by the pandemic's critical health aspects due to their working environment and exposure to…”

Recent advances in aqueous virus removal technologies

“…A number of studies have provided evidence for the abundance of pathogenic viruses in the WWTP, including the novel COVID-19 ( Aghamirza Moghim Aliabadi et al, 2022b ). Viruses have different resistances compared to the other pathogens and show varying responses to wastewater treatment processes that lead to their persistence and abundance in the waterborne.…”

“…Wastewater reuse brings about numerous benefits including eutrophication reduction, embodied energy production and carbon footprint reduction ( Cornejo et al, 2013 ; Verbyla and Mihelcic, 2015 ). To do so, wastewater treatment has been increasingly considered and used as one of the most common strategies for water management, particularly in small cities, because of being cost-effective, its facile construction and operation control ( Ahmadi et al, 2021 ; Aghamirza Moghim Aliabadi et al, 2022a ). There is a wide spectrum of pollutants in water resources, likewise a variety of materials and strategies can be used for water reuse ( Taghizadeh et al, 2020 ).…”

Analysis of the genetic diversity of SARS-CoV-2 genomes carrying the Omicron B.1.1.529 mutation

“…(Chakraborty et.al , 2021). According to a statement by the World Health Organization (WHO), mediated by the International Committee for Virus Taxonomy (ICTV), the total number of cases and deaths from coronavirus justifies concern about the new variants and especially the most recent of them, the variant Ômicron B.1.1.529, discovered on November 26, 2021(Aghamirza et.al , 2022), which is coming spreading rapidly and is already confirmed in 194 countries, with effective reproduction numbers that are triple the Delta variant. (Du et.al , 2022).…”