Laboratory diagnosis and genetic analysis of a family clustering outbreak of aseptic meningitis due to echovirus 30

Zheng, Shufa; Ye, Hongyan; Yan, Juying; Xie, Guoliang; Cui, Dawei; Yu, Fei; Wang, Yiyin; Yang, Xianzhi; Zhou, Fangman; Zhang, Yanjun; Tian, Xueli; Chen, Yu

doi:10.1080/20477724.2016.1228297

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…We considered a number of different measures for “closeness of contact,” including the duration and frequency of contact and whether skin-to-skin contact occurred. As previously reported [ 27 , 28 ], these measures correlated highly with one another, such that longer-duration contacts tended to be frequent and involve physical contact (and vice versa). Importantly, more intimate contacts are likely to carry a greater risk of transmission [ 29 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Patterns of human social contact and mask wearing in high-risk groups in China

et al. 2022

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Background The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has changed human behavior in areas such as contact patterns and mask-wearing frequency. Exploring human–human contact patterns and mask-wearing habits in high-risk groups is an essential step in fully understanding the transmission of respiratory infection-based diseases. This study had aims to quantify local human–human (H–H) contacts in high-risk groups in representative provinces of China and to explore the occupation-specific assortativity and heterogeneity of social contacts. Methods Delivery workers, medical workers, preschoolers, and students from Qinghai, Shanghai, and Zhejiang were recruited to complete an online questionnaire that queried general information, logged contacts, and assessed the willingness to wear a mask in different settings. The “group contact” was defined as contact with a group at least 20 individuals. The numbers of contacts across different characteristics were assessed and age-specific contact matrices were established. A generalized additive mixed model was used to analyze the associations between the number of individual contacts and several characteristics. The factors influencing the frequency of mask wearing were evaluated with a logistic regression model. Results A total of 611,287 contacts were reported by 15,635 participants. The frequency of daily individual contacts averaged 3.14 (95% confidence interval: 3.13–3.15) people per day, while that of group contacts was 37.90 (95% CI: 37.20–38.70). Skin-to-skin contact and long-duration contact were more likely to occur at home or among family members. Contact matrices of students were the most assortative (all contacts q-index = 0.899, 95% CI: 0.894–0.904). Participants with larger household sizes reported having more contacts. Higher household income per capita was significantly associated with a greater number of contacts among preschoolers (P50,000–99,999 = 0.033) and students (P10,000–29,999 = 0.017). In each of the public places, the frequency of mask wearing was highest for delivery workers. For preschoolers and students with more contacts, the proportion of those who reported always wearing masks was lower (P < 0.05) in schools/workplaces and public transportation than preschoolers and students with fewer contacts. Conclusions Contact screening efforts should be concentrated in the home, school, and workplace after an outbreak of an epidemic, as more than 75% of all contacts, on average, will be found in such places. Efforts should be made to improve the mask-wearing rate and age-specific health promotion measures aimed at reducing transmission for the younger demographic. Age-stratified and occupation-specific social contact research in high-risk groups could help inform policy-making decisions during the post-relaxation period of the COVID-19 pandemic. Graphical Abstract

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Patterns of human social contact and mask wearing in high-risk groups in China

et al. 2022

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“…We considered a number of different measures for "closeness of contact," including the duration and frequency of contact and whether skin-to-skin contact occurred. As previously reported [29,30], these measures correlated highly with one another, such that longer-duration contacts tended to be frequent and involve physical contact (and vice versa). Importantly, more intimate contacts are likely to carry a greater risk of transmission [31].…”

supporting

confidence: 76%

Patterns of human social contact and mask wearing in representative high-risk groups in China

Zheng

Zhu

Pan

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background: The pandemic of COVID-19 has changed human behavior in areas such as contact patterns and mask-wearing frequency. Exploring human-human contact patterns and mask-wearing habits in high-risk groups is an essential step in fully understanding the transmission of respiratory infection-based diseases. Methods: Delivery workers, medical workers, preschoolers, and students. from Qinghai, Shanghai, and Zhejiang were recruited to complete an online questionnaire that queried general information, logged contacts, and assessed the willingness to wear a mask in different settings. The numbers of contacts across different characteristics were assessed and age-specific contact matrices were established. A generalized additive mixed model was used to analyze the associations between the number of individual contacts and several characteristics. The factors influencing the frequency of mask wearing were evaluated with a logistic regression model.Results: A total of 611,287 contacts were reported by 15,635 participants. The frequency of daily individual contacts averaged 3.14 (95%CI: 3.13-3.15) people per day, while that of group contacts was 37.90 (95%CI: 37.20-38.70). Skin-to-skin contact and long-duration contact were more likely to occur at home or among family members. The contact matrices of students were the most assortative (all contacts q-index = 0.899, 95%CI: 0.894-0.904). Participants with larger household sizes reported having more contacts. A higher household income per capita was significantly associated with a greater number of contacts among preschoolers and students. In each of the public places, the frequency of mask wearing was highest in delivery workers. For preschoolers and students with more contacts, the proportion of those who reported always wearing masks was lower (P<0.05) in schools/workplaces and public transportation than preschoolers and students with less contacts.Conclusions: The rate of mask wearing must be improved among preschoolers and students, considering their susceptibility and lower mask-wearing rates. Contact screening efforts should be concentrated in the home, school, and workplace after an outbreak of an epidemic, as more than 75% of all contacts, on average, will be found in such places. Age-stratified and occupation-specific social contact research in high-risk groups could help inform policy-making decisions during the post-relaxation period of the COVID-19 pandemic.

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“…[ 31 ] In addition, the causative agents of HFMD often overlap with those of aseptic meningitis including CB3, CB5, E9, and E30, which are often associated with outbreaks of aseptic meningitis in China. [ 32 – 37 ] This is not unexpected as EVs have long been identified as the main agents of aseptic meningitis. [ 12 , 38 – 41 ] Thus, it is possible that some of these serotypes may become predominant in HFMD in the future and we should pay special attention to the EVs associated with aseptic meningitis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular characteristics of hand, foot, and mouth disease for hospitalized pediatric patients in Yunnan, China

et al. 2018

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Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infectious disease caused by multiple enteroviruses (EVs) in China. To better define the etiologic agents and clinical characteristics of HFMD, we conducted this study in Yunnan, China.In this study, 1280 stool specimens were collected from pediatric patients hospitalized for treatment of HFMD in 2010. EV was detected with nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and directly genotyped by gene sequencing of the viral protein 1 (VP1) region. Phylogenetic analysis was performed based on the VP1 partial gene and the clinical characteristics were analyzed using SPSS Software.Of 1280 specimens, 1115 (87.1%) tested positive for EV. Seventeen different EV serotypes were detected. Coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) was the most frequently detected serotype (615/1115 cases, 55.1%), followed by enterovirus 71 (EV71; 392/1115, 35.2%), CA10 (45/1115, 4.0%), and CA4 (23/1115, 2.1%). Among the 709 severe cases, CA16, EV71, CA10, and CA4 accounted for 48.0%, 42.0%, 3.5%, and 2.3%, respectively. Of the 26 critical cases, 13 were caused by EV71, 9 by CA16, 2 by CA4, and 1 each were the result of CA10 and E9, respectively. All EV71, CA16, CA10, and CA4 isolates were highly homologous to the strains isolated from mainland China, and belonged to the C4a, B1a, G, and C genotypes, respectively.Our study showed that EV71 and CA16 were the main causative agents for severe and critical HFMD, but other serotypes can also cause severe and critical cases.

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Laboratory diagnosis and genetic analysis of a family clustering outbreak of aseptic meningitis due to echovirus 30

Cited by 11 publications

References 18 publications

Patterns of human social contact and mask wearing in high-risk groups in China

Patterns of human social contact and mask wearing in high-risk groups in China

Patterns of human social contact and mask wearing in representative high-risk groups in China

Molecular characteristics of hand, foot, and mouth disease for hospitalized pediatric patients in Yunnan, China

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