Laboratory Comparison of Vacuum, OSHA, and HUD Sampling Methods for Lead in Household Dust

Reynolds, Stephen J.; Etre, Lois A.; Thorne, Peter S.; Whitten, Paul; Selim, Mustafa I.; Popendorf, William

doi:10.1202/0002-8894(1997)058<0439:lcovoa>2.0.co;2

Cited by 8 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…The nonsmooth surfaces of upholstery and carpets, which have textured fiber surfaces, can physically decrease the collection efficiency of wipes. This is consistent with the work of Reynolds et al (1997), which demonstrated a low recovery rate (~26%) for sampling on carpets using the wet towelette wipe method in a laboratory chamber. Because the wipe method somewhat simulates hand contact, it may indicate that a child's hands are likely to pick up less lead per contact from a carpet than from a bare floor.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Comparison of techniques to reduce residential lead dust on carpet and upholstery: the new jersey assessment of cleaning techniques trial.

Yiin

Rhoads

Rich

et al. 2002

Environ Health Perspect

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High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtered vacuum cleaners are recommended by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development for cleaning lead-contaminated house dust. We performed a randomized field study to determine whether a conventional (non-HEPA) vacuum cleaner could achieve cleaning results comparable with those of a HEPA vacuum cleaner. We compared the lead loading reductions of these two vacuum cleaners in a total of 127 New Jersey homes of lead-exposed children. We used wet towelettes and a vacuum sampler to collect lead dust from carpets and upholstery before and after vacuum cleaning. The vacuum sampling data showed that the HEPA and non-HEPA vacuum cleaners resulted in 54.7% (p = 0.006) and 36.4% (p = 0.020) reductions in lead loading, respectively, when used on soiled carpets, although the overall difference in lead loading reduction between the two vacuum cleaners was not statistically significant (p = 0.293). The wipe sampling data did not show any significant lead loading reduction for either of the vacuum cleaners, suggesting that both vacuum cleaners fail to clean the surfaces of carpet effectively, considering that wipe sampling media simulate surface contact. On upholstery, the wipe sampling data showed a significant reduction in lead loading for the non-HEPA vacuum cleaner (22.2%, p = 0.047). Even with the significant reduction, the postcleaning lead loadings on upholstery were similar to those on carpets. The similar lead loading results for carpets and upholstery indicate that soiled upholstery may be as important a source of childhood lead exposure as carpets.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Comparison of techniques to reduce residential lead dust on carpet and upholstery: the new jersey assessment of cleaning techniques trial.

Yiin

Rhoads

Rich

et al. 2002

Environ Health Perspect

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“…The suction sampler, employed by Que Hee et al (1985) and Reynolds et al (1997), designated the DVM sampler, consists of a Tygon tube held at an angle of 45°to the sampled surface, and connected to a cassette containing a 37 mm filter paper with 0.8 µm pore size. Its operational flow rate was 2 l. min Ϫ1 .…”

Section: Materials Methods and Sampling Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While the small size of this sampler made it effective for assessing surface contamination on areas that were not easily accessible (e.g. corners), several users of this system, including Reynolds et al (1997) have noted the difficulties associated with the small sampling tube dimensions which is prone to blockages.…”

Section: Materials Methods and Sampling Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suction methods for assessing contamination on surfaces

Byrne

2000

The Annals of Occupational Hygiene

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Suction sampling techniques are widely used to assess particulate contamination levels on domestic and occupational surfaces such as floor coverings, but their use for dermal exposure assessment has, to date, been limited. This paper reviews the sampling techniques commonly employed and summarises the range of sampling efficiencies reported in the literature. As there are an extremely large number of key factors influencing the recovery efficiency of suction sampling devices, it is recommended that controlled experiments are carried out to evaluate the relative significance of these factors, thus allowing inter-comparison of the data generated in field studies. As the range of applications of suction sampling devices is extensive, the harmonisation of sampling protocols is not considered to be a feasible objective.

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“…Instead, he used ferric oxinate ground in a ball mill as an alternative soiling material (Ree, 1962;Chi and Obendorf, 1998). Following published research on sampling methods, evaluation was conducted by wiping, vacuuming, and using an acoustic dust generator to deposit house dust and lead oxides containing metal, allergens, pesticides, or other contaminants on textiles, linoleum, and wood materials (Que Hee et al, 1985;Reynolds et al, 1997;Roger et al, 1999). According to earlier established studies on the cleaning of metal thread, Toth reported that corrosion cannot be cleaned completely from textiles with metal thread by methods without damaging integral parts of the artwork.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cleaning Fabricated Metal Thread: A Post‐treatment Stability Assessment after Artificial Deterioration and the Application of Synthetic Soil

Park¹,

Hwang²,

Chung

2019

Journal of Conservation Science

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To study the cleaning effects and post-treatment stability assessment of various methods of cleaning textiles with metal thread, six naturally-soiled historical textiles with metal thread were investigated at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Prior to the cleaning of fabricated gold, silver, and copper thread that had been glued onto a paper substrate, the artificial deterioration was carried out in a controlled environment with light(UV and daylight), and temperature and humidity factors which would weaken and damage the samples. A synthetic soil mixture was applied to the samples to imitate soil found on the historic and archaeological textiles with metal thread; the cleaning effect and post-treatment assessment were investigated by use of three textile cleaning methods: mechanical cleaning, wet cleaning, and solvent cleaning. While investigating the naturally-soiled textiles with metal thread, it was determined that the soil colors and sizes of contaminating particles of each textile were different due to the diversity of original environmental factors and conditions. After cleaning with kneaded rubber, Stoddard solvent, n-decane or n-hexane, a bright, clean effect was apparent. Kneaded rubber was successful in picking up both large and small particles, but its stickiness caused some of the metal leaf to peel off. Stoddard solvent produced a good cleaning effect, but after use of n-hexane and n-decane in the cleaning process, a white layer of residue remained on the textile's surface. Wet cleaning was not effective and the rapid humidity changes between wet and dry conditions caused the edges of the paper substrate to lose their original shape.

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Laboratory Comparison of Vacuum, OSHA, and HUD Sampling Methods for Lead in Household Dust

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Comparison of techniques to reduce residential lead dust on carpet and upholstery: the new jersey assessment of cleaning techniques trial.

Comparison of techniques to reduce residential lead dust on carpet and upholstery: the new jersey assessment of cleaning techniques trial.

Suction methods for assessing contamination on surfaces

Cleaning Fabricated Metal Thread: A Post‐treatment Stability Assessment after Artificial Deterioration and the Application of Synthetic Soil

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