Comparison of techniques to reduce residential lead dust on carpet and upholstery: the new jersey assessment of cleaning techniques trial.

Yiin, Lih‐Ming; Rhoads, George G.; Rich, David Q.; Zhang, Junfeng Jim; Bai, Zhipeng; Adgate, John L.; Ashley, Peter; Lioy, Paul J.

doi:10.1289/ehp.021101233

Cited by 17 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The most reasonable explanation, then, is that the accumulated dust commonly seen on relatively inaccessible surfaces in the house remains relatively undisturbed by air currents, ventilation or household activities. Carpets have been reported to be an important potential secondary source of lead-laden dust in other settings 25,33,34) but were not found in the households in this study.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 63%

“…However, the levels of lead in soil might be expected to be influenced by natural dispersal effects similar to those contributing to household surface lead contamination. Previous studies have shown that soil lead content peaked at the locations of a boat repair yard 7) , a former lead smelter 19,37,38) and a lead battery manufacturing plant 34) , with soil lead content decreasing with increasing distance from the point source. Lead-contaminated exterior soil has been reported to be a contributing source of interior lead dust [39][40][41] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

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Relative Contribution of Potential Modes of Surface Dust Lead Contamination in the Homes of Boatyard Caulkers

Untimanon¹,

Geater

Chongsuvivatwong

et al. 2012

Journal of Occupational Health

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Relative Contribution of Potential Modes of Surface Dust Lead Contamination in the Homes of Boatyard Caulkers: Orrapan UNTIMANON, et al. Bureau of Occupational and EnvironmentalDiseases, Ministry of Public Health, ThailandObjectives: The aim of this study was to quantify the relative contributions to surface lead contamination of boat-caulkers' houses of three contamination modes, namely "take-home" lead from the caulker, "natural" spatial dispersal from boatyard to household and "redistribution" of accumulated lead-laden dust within the house. Methods: Boat-caulkers' houses situated in areas surrounding boat repair yards were recruited. Caulkers' houses that were located close together were divided into location-matched pairs, within which one was randomly assigned to be given a cleaning and designated a CL house, and the other was to be left uncleaned and designated a NCL house. Geographically isolated caulker's houses were randomly assigned to one of the two categories. The nearest non-boatyard worker's house (NB) was additionally recruited for each set. The surface lead loading rate (SLLR), defined as the mass of lead deposited in dust per unit area of surface per unit time, was measured over a period of 3 mo in all houses, and the data were modeled using linear mixed effects regression. Results: Adjusted values of SLLR differed only slightly between CL and NCL houses (0.96 to 1.02 times) but were between 1.65 and 2.03 times higher in CL and NCL houses than in NB houses depending on proximity to the boatyard and between 2.12 and 2.61 times higher in houses within one km of a boatyard than in more distant houses depending on category of house. Conclusions: Newly deposited dust lead likely resulted from the take-home and spatial dispersion modes. The contribution of

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 63%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Relative Contribution of Potential Modes of Surface Dust Lead Contamination in the Homes of Boatyard Caulkers

Untimanon¹,

Geater

Chongsuvivatwong

et al. 2012

Journal of Occupational Health

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“…The study found that approximately 20% of the linoleum surface dust was recoverable with a final wet washing using tap water and a sponge. Despite differing levels of performance by vacuum cleaners, vacuum cleaner removal of dirt from flooring (notably from carpeted floors) has frequently been advocated (see, e.g., Roberts et al 1999;Yiin et al 2002). The type of incomplete surface removal of surface material identified here has been seen elsewhere.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Risk remaining from fine particle contaminants after vacuum cleaning of hard floor surfaces

Hunt

Johnson

Brooks

et al. 2008

Environ Geochem Health

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In the indoor environment, settled surface dust often functions as a reservoir of hazardous particulate contaminants. In many circumstances, a major contributing source to the dust pool is exterior soil. Young children are particularly susceptible to exposure to both outdoor derived soil and indoor derived dust present in the indoor dust pool. This is because early in life the exploratory activities of the infant are dominated by touching and mouthing behavior. Inadvertent exposure to dust through mouth contact and hand-to-mouth activity is an inevitable consequence of infant development. Clean-up of indoor dust is, in many circumstances, critically important in efforts to minimize pediatric exposure. In this study, we examine the efficiency of vacuum cleaner removal of footwear-deposited soil on vinyl floor tiles. The study utilized a 5 x 10 foot (c. 152.5 x 305 cm) test surface composed of 1-foot-square (c. 30.5 x 30.5 cm) vinyl floor tiles. A composite test soil with moderately elevated levels of certain elements (e.g., Pb) was repeatedly introduced onto the floor surface by footwear track-on. The deposited soil was subsequently periodically removed from randomly selected tiles using a domestic vacuum cleaner. The mass and loading of soil elements on the tiles following vacuuming were determined both by wet wipe collection and by subsequent chemical analysis. It was found that vacuum cleaner removal eliminated much of the soil mass from the floor tiles. However, a small percentage of the mass was not removed and a portion of this residual mass could be picked up by moistened hand-lifts. Furthermore, although the post-vacuuming tile soil mass was sizably reduced, for some elements (notably Pb) the concentration in the residual soil was increased. We interpret this increased metal concentration to be a particle size effect with smaller particles (with a proportionately higher metal content) remaining in situ after vacuuming.

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“…One may use a vacuum cleaner with a HEPAfilter combined with cyclone technology to remove particles as small as 0.3 lm to prevent small Cd-loaded particles from being remitted into the air (Yiin et al 2002). For most of these preventive measures no hard scientific evidence based on intervention studies exists.…”

Section: Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cadmium exposure in the population: from health risks to strategies of prevention

et al. 2010

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We focus on the recent evidence that elucidates our understanding about the effects of cadmium (Cd) on human health and their prevention. Recently, there has been substantial progress in the exploration of the shape of the Cd concentrationresponse function on osteoporosis and mortality. Environmental exposure to Cd increases total mortality in a continuous fashion without evidence of a threshold, independently of kidney function and other classical factors associated with mortality including age, gender, smoking and social economic status. Pooled hazard rates of two recent environmental population based cohort studies revealed that for each doubling of urinary Cd concentration, the relative risk for mortality increases with 17% (95% CI 4.2-33.1%; P \ 0.0001). Tubular kidney damage starts at urinary Cd concentrations ranging between 0.5 and 2 lg urinary Cd/g creatinine, and recent studies focusing on bone effects show increased risk of osteoporosis even at urinary Cd below 1 lg Cd/g creatinine. The non-smoking adult population has urinary Cd concentrations close to or higher than 0.5 lg Cd/g creatinine. To diminish the transfer of Cd from soil to plants for human consumption, the bioavailability of soil Cd for the plants should be reduced (external bioavailability) by maintaining agricultural and garden soils pH close to neutral (pH-H 2 O of 7.5; pH-KCL of 6.5). Reducing the systemic bioavailability of intestinal Cd can be best achieved by preserving a balanced iron status. The latter might especially be relevant in groups with a lower intake of iron, such as vegetarians, and women in reproductive phase of life. In exposed populations, house dust loaded with Cd is an additional relevant exposure route. In view of the insidious etiology of health effects associated with low dose exposure to Cd and the current European Cd intake which is close to the tolerable weekly intake, one should not underestimate the importance of the recent epidemiological evidence on Cd toxicity as to its medical and public health implications.

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Comparison of techniques to reduce residential lead dust on carpet and upholstery: the new jersey assessment of cleaning techniques trial.

Cited by 17 publications

References 18 publications

Relative Contribution of Potential Modes of Surface Dust Lead Contamination in the Homes of Boatyard Caulkers

Relative Contribution of Potential Modes of Surface Dust Lead Contamination in the Homes of Boatyard Caulkers

Risk remaining from fine particle contaminants after vacuum cleaning of hard floor surfaces

Cadmium exposure in the population: from health risks to strategies of prevention

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