Labeling Women Deviant: Gender, Stigma, and Social Control.

‘The right way to be a woman’: Negotiating femininity in a prison-based drug treatment programme

“…The ambition that the women should demonstrate sisterly solidarity, talk about their emotions, appear nice and presentable, act as the centre of social life, and not be too physically aggressive could be theorised as the morally upright middle-class attempt to control the defiant, unruly, offensive, and unmanageable women, who act in their own interests (Faith, 1993). In this way, the gender constructions in our study are in line with and may also reinforce traditional ideas about passive femininity in society more broadly (Schur, 1984), in welfare systems (Bjønness, 2015;Du Rose, 2015), and in correctional institutions more specifically (Carlen, 1983;Rowe, 2011). Women in drug treatment (Carr, 2011), and especially women in prison drug treatment, are often characterised as physiologically, psychologically, and socially burdened -more so than male clients.…”

The Robot-Gender Divide: How and Why Men and Women Differ in Their Attitudes Toward Social Robots

“…The results of the text analysis of Study 2 further show that the differences between men and women in sexual and romantic contexts are explained by a quadruple model of four dimensions: social norms, psychological/mental health, ideology/morality, and functionality, as presented in First, women in the context of this study may be more strongly and negatively impacted by the potential stigma of deviating from the norm (Major & O'Brien, 2005). Indeed, previous studies on deviant behavior indicate that gender can impact negative social consequences of social deviation, with women being more at risk of being ostracized for deviant or non-normative acts (Heimer, 1996;Schur, 1984). Thus, it could be that women expressed negative views more strongly in an attempt to reduce the negative social risks of being in a relationship with a social robot.…”

“…First, women in the context of this study may be more strongly and negatively impacted by the potential stigma of deviating from the norm(Major & O'Brien, 2005). Indeed, previous studies on deviant behavior indicate that gender can impact negative social consequences of social deviation, with women being more at risk of being ostracized for deviant or non-normative acts(Heimer, 1996;Schur, 1984). Thus, it could be that women expressed negative views more strongly in an attempt to reduce the negative social risks of being in a relationship with a social robot.Second, women might tend to reject relationships with robots more forcefully on psychological terms, matching studies that showed women's tendency to be more friendly, nurturing, and caring than men(Feingold, 1994;Wright & Scanlon, 1991).…”

Rendering Invisible Punishments Visible

“…For women who are mothers, having a home is viewed as an essential component of good motherhood (Connolly, 2000). This is particularly important because formerly incarcerated mothers are already perceived by society and themselves to be "maternally unorthodox"-they have broken both the law and gendered behavioral expectations (Brown & Bloom, 2009;McMahon, 1995, p. 264;Schur, 1983). Gabrielle's experience clearly illustrates the tension between having a criminal record and becoming a mother.…”