“…However, as the bandwidth and complexity increase, a shortage of MPLS labels will occur. Huang et al [23] claimed that label consumption is expanding rapidly, thereby leading to management complexity, increased operational and capital expenditure and table look-up latency, and reduced performance and scalability. Therefore, the author proposed a method of solving the label space reduction problem in the MPLS network using a hybrid MPLS Open-Flow network scheme via LSP multiplexing.…”