La socialización de los practicantes a través de los manuales del Dr. Felipe Sáenz de Cenzano 1907-1942

Regulación de la Enfermería Española: incorporación a la profesión sanitaria (1850-1950)

“…5 On the contrary, in the case of the male, namely the practitioner, he performed his care role in a remunerated manner as a minor surgeon in hospitals. 4,6 In addition, care for the sick was provided outside of the home by both the nurse and religious orders, which associated the care of the sick with Christian charity. 7 At this time, the Order of St. John of God, popular in in-home care, specified ways of administering food to the sick, the application of the drug prescribed by the doctor and the realization of the grooming without forgetting the comfort of the spirit.…”

“…16 She assisted the women during pregnancy, postpartum, and lactation without exceeding the limits set by the doctor, which ensured the recovery of the mother while guiding the feeding of the newborn. 4,6 In turn, she was to prove the cleansing of blood by the parish priest of his place of origin, for in case of urgency for the death of the newborn it would be she who administered the sacrament of Baptism. 5 On the other hand, the nurse in 1850, unlike the practitioner and the midwife, carried out care attached to the domestic field, which was considered secondary.…”

“…5 On the other hand, the nurse in 1850, unlike the practitioner and the midwife, carried out care attached to the domestic field, which was considered secondary. 6,7 The emergence of the well-known Law of Bases for Public Instruction was very important in Spain (known as the Moyano Law) in 1857, which regulated all the health professions existing in the country except nursing. This was because their performances were considered household chores performed by low-skilled people.…”

“…16 That regulation was amended in 1874, as a result of the creation of the title of surgeon-dentist, since it was a restriction on the competences of practitioners. 6 However, in 1888 due to the intrusiveness between midwives and practitioners, it became necessary to promulgate a new Ministerial Order that was in force until the Royal Decree of April 27, 1901, which attaches the teaching of practitioners to the Faculty of Medicine, incorporating the obstetric contents in the academic formation of these. 17 They are later referred to as "Authorized Practitioner for Assistance to Normal Births".…”

“…38,39 After the end of the Spanish Civil War (1939)(1940)(1941)(1942)(1943)(1944)(1945)(1946)(1947)(1948)(1949), and in response to new advances and changes introduced in the formation of midwives, nurses, and nurse practitioners, the pedagogical manuals of the time were progressively adapted. 3,6,9,35 However, they all continued to concentrate their interest on the physical, moral, and scientific qualities that health professionals should possess; emphasizing subordination and respect for the figure of the doctor. 6 The history of nursing reinforces the perception of García-Sierra, who warns in his book "Practitioner's Manual and normal deliveries" that he or the professional must be "educated, obedient, honest and virtuous to the highest degree having respect and absolute submission to the doctor.…”