La périnatalité en PMI : la prévention soignante

Mechanism of Li nucleation at graphite anodes and mitigation strategies

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] However, there are still some challenges that limit battery performance and durability, such as battery degradation and safety. [10][11][12] One of the highly problematic issues is the formation and growth of metallic lithium on the graphite anode. 13 The formation of metallic lithium, also known as Li deposition or Li plating, is detrimental to battery operation, leading to a low Coulombic efficiency and serious safety issues due to the possibilities of short-circuits and catastrophic failure.…”

“…13,14 The graphite anode is particularly vulnerable to lithium deposition during charging, because of the very low margin between the thermodynamic potential required for full charge based on the LiC 6 stoichiometry at 0.065 V vs. Li + /Li and the threshold for Li plating at 0.000 V. Therefore, the overpotentials generated by the high current densities applied for fast charging can often cause Li deposition. 11 Charging at low temperature further increases the risk of Li plating, as the required overpotential increases with the charge transfer resistance R ct , ( according to the Arrhenius law). 15 Li plating ∝ exp ( -) thus becomes increasingly competitive with Li intercalation at lower temperatures.…”

The subject-matter jurisdiction and interpretive competence of the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights in relation to international humanitarian law

“…106 The ICJ characterised the obligations owed to the individual as 'individual rights', a violation of these rights were found to have occurred, and on this basis the ICJ held it not necessary to determine whether these individual rights amounted to human rights. 107 In the Avena case Mexico argued that article 36(1) amounted to a human right and that, as such, this right should be guaranteed in the territory of all state parties, and that this right 'is so fundamental that its infringement will ipso facto produce the effect of vitiating the entire process of the criminal proceedings conducted in violation of this fundamental right'. 108 The ICJ held: 109 Whether or not the Vienna Convention rights are human rights is not a matter that this Court need decide.…”