La internacionalización de la paz y de la guerra en Colombia durante los gobiernos de Andrés Pastrana y Álvaro Uribe. Búsqueda de legitimidad política y capacidad militar

The Role of International Actors in the Negotiation Process Between the Colombian Government and the Farc-Ep:

“…Belisario Betancur was the first president to devise an international strategy to support his efforts to achieve peace at a local level, i.e., the design of a foreign policy strategy. Although this strategy cannot be defined in the strict sense as an internationalisation strategy, it was an important effort to validate the peace process and make it more coherent (BORDA, 2012).…”

“…The above conceptual differentiation is done to avoid confusion and to facilitate the proposed analysis which revolves around the internationalization of the conflict, perhaps the most rigorous analysis of the internationalization of the Colombian conflict. Sandra Borda (2012), presents a division into two types: military and political. The first of these, respond to "[…] the actors more likely to be invited by the state and insurgent organizations to participate in their conflict to obtain military and logistical support […] to continue the war and to improve their military position against their adversaries".…”

Colombia: avances y desafíos frente a la delincuencia organizada transnacional

“…Cuando se incluye la asistencia de Fmf y Dod, el nivel total de apoyo de Estados Unidos a Colombia es de Cop 4,5 mil millones. (Veillette, 2005) El enfoque de internacionalización del conflicto del presidente Uribe es divergente frente al desarrollado por el presidente Pastrana: si bien ese gobierno buscó una internacionalización de las negociaciones de paz, la presidencia de Uribe buscó la internacionalización de la guerra, o, en otras palabras, la internacionalización militar del conflicto (Borda, 2012). Durante este período se evidenció una participación directa de Estados Unidos en el escalamiento del conflicto colombiano, que se alinea a la lucha antidrogas y la guerra global contra el terrorismo y los grupos subversivos.…”

“…Con la ampliación del Plan Colombia en 2004 se duplicó el número de militares y contratistas estadounidenses en el territorio colombiano, al pasar de 400 a 800 militares y de 400 a 600 contratistas (Borda, 2012). En este mismo año se redefinió la estrategia militar y se diseñó el Plan Patriota con la intención de crear estrategias conjuntas entre las Fuerzas Miliares (Armada, Fuerza Aérea y Ejército) para combatir la guerra irregular.…”

Ecologies of drug war and more-than-human health: The case of a chemical at war with a plant

“…Following the terrorist events of September 11, 2001, in the United States, and the Colombian government's failure to broker a peace agreement with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), Plan Colombia accentuated the war on drugs as a war on terror (Borda, 2012;Rincón-Ruiz et al, 2016). Plan Colombia enabled the mobilisation of resources in a wider military struggle against criminalised guerrilla and peasant groups, before United States' contributions to Plan Colombia and allocations for fumigation reduced, as peace negotiations with FARC resumed in the years immediately prior to fumigation ending in 2015.…”