L1CAM, CA9, KLK6, HPN, and ALDH1A1 as Potential Serum Markers in Primary and Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Screening

Abstract

<jats:p>Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening at the earlier stages could effectively decrease CRC-related mortality and incidence; however, accurate screening strategies are still lacking. Considerable interest has been generated in the detection of less invasive tests requiring a small sample volume with the potential to detect several cancer biomarkers simultaneously. Due to this, the ELISA-based method was undertaken in this study. Methods: Concentrations of neural cell adhesion molecule L1 (L1CAM), carbonic anhydrase IX (CA9), mesothelin (MSLN), midkine (MDK), hepsin (HPN), kallikrein 6 (KLK6), transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1 (ALDH1A1), epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), and cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) from blood serum of 36 primary CRC and 24 metastatic CRC (mCRC) were calculated via MAGPIX® System (Luminex Corporation, USA). Results: Significantly increased concentration (p &lt; 0.05) of three serum biomarkers (L1CAM, CA9, and HPN) were shown in mCRC when compared with primary CRC. HPN and KLK6 showed significant differences (p &lt; 0.05) in concentration among different stages of CRC. In contrast, levels of HPN and ALDH1A1 were significantly elevated (p &lt; 0.05) in chemotherapy-treated CRC patients as compared with nontreated ones. Conclusion: Serum biomarkers could act as a potential early CRC diagnostics test, but further additional testings are needed.</jats:p>

Microsatellite Instability in Colorectal Cancer Liquid Biopsy—Current Updates on Its Potential in Non-Invasive Detection, Prognosis and as a Predictive Marker

“…Previously, studies had proven implementation of biomarkers from blood as a non-invasive method for CRC screening, particularly during its early stages (stage I or premalignant stage) [ 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 ]. Examples of the markers evaluated were (1) proteins (hemoglobin) [ 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 ]; (2) deoxyribonucleic acid/DNA from intact cells or blood circulation (including methylation markers) [ 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 ]; (3) ribonucleic acid/RNA (messenger RNA, non-coding RNA and microRNA) [ 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 ]; (4) genes (mutation) [ 82 , 83 ]; and (5) low molecular weight metabolites (volatile organic compounds) [ 84 ]. Since the approval of first liquid biopsy-based test by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2016, numerous blood-based detection methods have been the focus of CRC screening to overcome the above-mentioned difficulties in traditional tissue biopsy testing [ 85 , 86 , 87 ].…”

The chemistry of gut microbiome in health and diseases

“…Colorectal cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer that affects both genders [80] . It is known that chemoresistance is a hurdle in colon cancer therapies.…”

LncRNA GACAT3: A Promising Biomarker and Therapeutic Target in Human Cancers

“…Over the next decade, CRC is estimated to account for more than 2.2 million new cases and 1.1 million deaths ( Arnold et al, 2017 ). As the clinical manifestations of CRC are only evident at advanced stages, it is critically important to develop novel sensitive biomarkers to aid the early diagnosis of CRC, which would vastly improve patient survival and prognosis ( Zhou et al, 2018 ; Tieng et al, 2020 ; Shamsuddin et al, 2021 ). GACAT3 is a promising biomarker for CRC as it is overexpressed in CRC tissues and is upregulated in the CRC cell lines HT29, HCT116, SW480, and LoVo relative to the normal colorectal epithelial cell line FHC ( Zhou et al, 2018 ; Ye et al, 2020 ).…”