“…(a) Diversity of tree species architecture and height in a tropical forest (Hallé et al, 1978). Coordinates are in m; (b) Diversity of seed size and shape from 17 tree species of the Fabaceae family in the Peruvian Amazon (Muller-Landau, 2003); (c) Diversity of leaf size and shape (herbarium of Cayenne, Gonzalez et al, 2021) and of wood aspect (reflecting wood characteristics) and density (Normand et al, 2017) for 12 tree species in French Guiana. We considered the following "perfect knowledge" mathematical model, which depicts the exact attribute Y ijt (e.g., growth) of an individual i of species j given its environment at time t (Equation 1, Appendix S1).…”