“…Additionally, students from immigrant backgrounds are particularly vulnerable to bullying due to cultural differences and perceived differences in ethnicity, language and religion (Bae et al, 2019;Fuentes Cabrera et al, 2019;Nikolaou et al, 2019). This intersects with other critical disadvantages experienced by immigrants and children of immigrants in the school context, such as lack of knowledge of the school language, higher rates of poverty (Bárcena-Martín & Pérez-Moreno, 2017), ethnic discrimination (Choudhury, 2021;Serra et al, 2015;Serra i Salamé, 2001) and lower teacher expectations (Holder & Kessels, 2017;Tobisch & Dresel, 2017). However, gender and migrant background have rarely been explored at the same time.…”