Kupffer cell blockade reduces hepatic and systemic cytokine levels and lung injury in hemorrhagic pancreatitis in rats

Taurine Attenuates Liver Injury by Downregulating Phosphorylated p38 MAPK of Kupffer Cells in Rats with Severe Acute Pancreatitis

“…Previous studies have shown that activating NF-κB can produce multiple proinflammatory cytokines [5,38]. KCs are regarded as the predominant source of inflammatory cytokines in SAP [39]. Another study has demonstrated that serum TNF-α and IL-lβ were significantly increased in SAP, but were attenuated by GdCl 3 pretreatment [40].…”

The Novel NF-κB Inhibitor, Dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin, Prevents Local and Remote Organ Injury Following Intestinal Ischemia/Reperfusion in Rats

“…The severity of the I/R injury in both the jejunum and the ileum was assessed semi-quantitatively according to the microscopic criteria for grading of intestinal tissue injury described by Park [20]; the grading was as follows: normal mucosal villi, 0; subepithelial spaces at the villi tips, 1; wider subepithelial spaces, 2; epithelial lifting along the sides of the villi, 3; denuded villi, 4; loss of villus tissue, 5; crypt layer infarction, 6; transmucosal infarction, 7; and transmural infarction, 8. The lung tissue was graded using a score of 0 to 12 (0 to 4 for intra-alveolar edema, intra-alveolar hemorrhage, and neutrophilic infiltration; absent, 0; mild, 1; moderate, 2; severe, 3; overwhelming, 4) as described by Gloor [21].…”

Plasma levels of IL-6 correlate with hemodynamic abnormalities in acute pancreatitis in rabbits

“…Although the cytokine-mediated organ failure relating to the lung, kidney, and vessels has been well described, there have been few publications on the relation of acute necrotizing pancreatitis and the heart [2,3,4,5,6]. Lefer et al observed a decreased myocardial performance in acute necrotizing pancreatitis [3] and suggested the release of a "myocardial depressant factor" during acute necrotizing pancreatitis [3].…”