“…Although Dutch-speaking Europe suffered greatly under Nazi occupation during the Second World War (as exemplified in Bart van Es's Costa Prize-winning memoir cataloguing the experiences of his family during that time (van Es, 2018)), and even though Anne Frank's famous diary (Frank, 2019(Frank, [1952), the world's best-known work of Holocaust literature, was written in Amsterdam, for the purposes of this wider research project neither The Netherlands nor Belgium can be considered "involved' cultures. Rather, as delineated by Harmon (2022b), the usage of the term in the present contribution denotes those Central and East European cultures featured, whether directly or not, in the plot and characterisation of The Painted Bird. Hence, the Dutch translation belongs squarely to those versions regarded as representative of "detached" cultures (Harmon, 2022b).…”