“…When carefully examined, those assertions may be true, as Colón et al (2015) and Agani et al (2016) previously mentioned that about 2.5 billion people are without improved sanitation in 2014 alone out of which 1 billion practiced open defecation. A 50.6% decrease to 494 million people practicing open defecation occurred from 2014-2020 of which 23% is in Nigeria, 25% Haiti, 45.15% Togo, 14.93% India, 69% Chad, 0.22% South Africa, 2.58% Burundi, 33% Ethiopia, 0.32% China, 5.55% Cameroon, 16.07% Tanzania, 68.11% Niger, 2% Senegal, 9% Indonesia and 3% Philippines (Blackett et al, 2014;Inah et al, 2023;Shukla et al, 2023). From the investigations, Sub-Saharan Africa, Oceania and Southern Asia are the most vulnerable regions as a result of a very low sanitation coverage of 30%, 35% and 42% respectively (Agani et al, 2016).…”