Knowledge as Justified True Belief

Abstract

What is knowledge? I this paper I defend the claim that knowledge is justified true belief by arguing that, contrary to common belief, Gettier cases do not refute it. My defence will be of the anti-luck kind: I will argue that (1) Gettier cases necessarily involve veritic luck, and (2) that a plausible version of reliabilism excludes veritic luck. There is thus a prominent and plausible account of justification according to which Gettier cases do not feature justified beliefs, and therefore, do not present counterexamples to the tripartite analysis. I defend the account of justification against objections, and contrast my defence of the tripartite analysis to similar ones from the literature. I close by considering some implications of this way of thinking about justification and knowledge.

Longtime nemeses or cordial allies? How individuals mentally relate science and religion.

“…In contrast, factual beliefs are evidentially fragile, and thus more susceptible to scrutiny in light of new evidence, arguments, or methods (Van Leeuwen, 2014, 2017b). Therefore, the content and value of factual beliefs depend less strongly on the “eminence” of certain individuals but more on the weight and quality of evidence justifying those beliefs (de Grefte, 2021), whereas religious beliefs may be less sensitive to evidence (Van Leeuwen, 2014). More sharply, Van Leeuwen (2014) argued that factual and religious beliefs are under the influence of different kinds of authority—the former being called “evidential authority,” whereas the latter being called “special authority.”…”

A Mathematical Theory of Knowledge for Intelligent Agents

“…Considering the definition of knowledge in [5], it is clearly a literal description of knowledge, rooted from philosophical literature and with main focus on the meaning (semantics) of knowledge. More so, the article consider knowledge as a type of belief and much about its operation is not mentioned.…”

“…Knowledge as defined in Section 2.1.1 is a cognitive value property that an agent seeks from a target. Here, we quantify this knowledge from an epistemological viewpoint [5], [7].…”

“…Epistemologically, knowledge is consider as a justify true belief [5], [6], [7]. From this universally accepted axiom, we then build a mathematical definition of knowledge.…”

“…To address this issue, we present a value quantification scheme for intelligent agent and use it to quantify knowledge, which we consider as a justified true belief [5], [6], [7] of an agent about a target. We start by introducing the cognitive nature of an agent, and define different cognitive properties required by an intelligent agent.…”