Knowledge and awareness of Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and HIV among pregnant women in Pakistan

Abstract

Introduction: Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) affect a significant proportion of the populace in developing countries. Pregnant women and deprived segments of the population are disproportionately affected. The aim of our study was to assess the awareness regarding the three blood-borne infections amongst pregnant Pakistani women belonging to low socioeconomic classes.
 Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 297 pregnant women at two antenatal healthcare facilities in Islamabad, Pakistan between September and November 2019. A pretested structured questionnaire was employed for data collection and knowledge levels were classified into three categories i.e. “Good”, “Average”, and “Poor” according to pre-set criteria. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2016 and SPSS Version 21.
 Results: None of the study participants had “Good” knowledge regarding the three blood-borne infections. Around 52% of the women had “Poor” while 47% had “Average” knowledge. None of the study participants were aware that HIV can be transmitted during delivery. Women aged 30-35 years had significantly higher knowledge as compared to other age groups (p < 0.001). The difference in knowledge amongst women in association with education, income status, and previous pregnancies was not significant.
 Conclusions: Awareness regarding Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and HIV amongst pregnant Pakistani women of low socioeconomic status is insufficient which can lead to an increased risk of acquiring these infections, especially during childbirth. It is vital to impart health education regarding these diseases and monitor hygiene standards in health care facilities.

Knowledge, Health Practices and Policies for Hepatitis for Midwifery and Nurses in Allied and District Hospital Faisalabad

“…A cross-sectional study using a descriptive design, between August 18 and September 2, 2021, was conducted in District and Allied Hospitals in Faisalabad, Pakistan. These hospitals were chosen for their status as public health tertiary care facilities, serving a significant portion of the Faisalabad state population (6,10,24,25). They offer specialized clinical inpatient and outpatient services, with a focus on obstetrics and gynaecology, making them primary referral centers in the region.…”

“…Pregnant women with chronic hepatitis B can manage their pregnancies effectively, though there are risks associated with active hepatitis and elevated liver enzymes, particularly concerning postpartum immunological reconstitution (9). HBV MTCT can occur during any of the three pregnancy stages: (10). Currently, preventing MTCT of HBV involves both active and passive immunoprophylaxis, typically including HBV immunoglobulin and vaccination for newborns of HBsAg-positive mothers immediately after birth, coupled with maternal referral to hepatology clinics for ongoing evaluation and monitoring (9,(11)(12)(13)(14)(15).…”

“…Currently, preventing MTCT of HBV involves both active and passive immunoprophylaxis, typically including HBV immunoglobulin and vaccination for newborns of HBsAg-positive mothers immediately after birth, coupled with maternal referral to hepatology clinics for ongoing evaluation and monitoring (9,(11)(12)(13)(14)(15). For healthcare workers (HCWs), such as nurses and midwives, the risk of contracting HBV is heightened if appropriate personal protective measures are not diligently followed (7,10,16). A lack of awareness regarding HBV prevalence and workplace safety protocols, including post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), HBV vaccination, training, and the adoption of safer workplace practices, can contribute to the spread of HBV.…”

An Update on National Consensus Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Hepatitis C & Literature Review in Epidemiology of Hepatitis C in Pakistan - 2022

“…Farah Gul conducted a survey among 297 pregnant ladies and 52% ladies ahd poor knowledge whereas 47% had average knowledge about the transmission of the disease. [85] Sero-Prevalence of HCV in Children.…”

Awareness of Hepatitis C Among the General Population of Riyadh, KSA, in 2023: A Cross-Sectional Study

“…The prevention of viral spread, particularly in the case of hepatitis, hinges upon the possession of comprehensive knowledge and the active promotion of awareness regarding these infections. This critical understanding not only empowers individuals to take the necessary precautions but also enables healthcare professionals to effectively diagnose, treat, and educate patients about the risks and preventive measures associated with these viruses [6][7][8][9].…”