Kisspeptin system in female reproduction: A next-generation target in the manipulation of sex hormones

Kisspeptin in female reproduction

“…Similar to our editorial comment about the critical regulators of KiSS/KiSS1R system on sexual differentiation and maturation, as well as normal female adult reproductive function (menstrual cycles in women and estrous cycles in rodents), 5 we highlighted the importance of KiSS/KiSS1R system as a next-generation target site in the manipulation of reproductive function.…”

“…14 Although it is uncertain why the extra administration of different agents/ cytokines/hormones will result in the diverse function of luteal cells, physiologic dose, or biphasic or triphasic effects or other undetermined reasons, such as paracrine, endocrine, and intracrine effects as an example, 15 recommended that the study of role of KiSS/KiSS1R system on luteinization process had better be performed by extrapolating the impact that alterations in the theca and granulosa cell gene expression profiles and lineages could have on the formation and function of the corpus luteum. In addition, in our previous comments, 5 we have shown that twice-daily subcutaneous injection of KiSS analogs more profoundly suppressed testosterone levels in rats and monkeys relative to natural KiSS, but in healthy male volunteers, KiSS analog reduced testosterone levels in a dose-dependent manner rapidly, although reversibly. 5 In addition, a similar treatment strategy is applied to normal healthy women, but no effect is found.…”

“…Since 2003, kisspeptins (KiSS), the peptide products of the KiSS gene, binding to the G protein-coupled receptor 54 (GPR54, also called KiSS1R) are involved in various mechanisms regulating gonadotrope (gonadotrophin-releasing hormone [GnRH] neurons) axis as initiation of puberty, timing control of puberty and regulation of fertility in adulthood mediated by positive and negative feedback regulation on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis by gonadal steroids. [1][2][3][4][5][6] The kisspeptin/ KISS1R system is complex partly because of neurons located in the arcuate nucleus (ARC), which also synthesize and secret many other neuromediators, such as neurokinin B and dynorphin to be involved in the control of HPG axis. 1,2,7 Specific mutations in KiSS1R gene cause either delayed/absent puberty or precocious puberty.…”

Estrogen Effects on Wound Healing

“…The three major forms of estrogens in humans are estradiol, estrone, and estriol, with estradiol being the predominant form [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ]. The ovary is the main source of estrogen in the premenopausal period, and granulosa cells are the key cells to produce estrogen [ 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ].…”

Estrogen and Susceptibility of Alzheimer’s Disease

“…The main source tissues of estrogenare ovary and placenta in female animals, and granulosa cells are crucialto produce estrogen. It includes three chemically different types in body: estradiol, estrone, and estriol, in which estradiol is the predominant exist [21][22][23][24][25]. The classical active mode of estrogen is through the activation of the receptors [26], by which estradiolas ligand-dependent transcription factors regulate the expression of target genes in the nucleus [27].…”